choroid plexus

File:Gray708.svg. The arrow is in the median aperture.
1: Inferior medullary velum
2: Choroid plexus
3: Cisterna magna of subarachnoid space
4: Central canal
5: Corpora quadrigemina
6: Cerebral peduncle
7: Superior medullary velum
8: Ependymal lining of ventricle
9: Pontine cistern of subarachnoid space]]

There is a choroid plexus in each of the four ventricles. In the lateral ventricles, it is found in the body, and continued in an enlarged amount in the atrium. There is no choroid plexus in the anterior horn. In the third ventricle, there is a small amount in the roof that is continuous with that in the body, via the interventricular foramina, the channels that connect the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle. A choroid plexus is in part of the roof of the fourth ventricle.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

The choroid plexus consists of a layer of cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a core of capillaries and loose connective tissue. The epithelium of the choroid plexus is continuous with the ependymal cell layer (ventricular layer) that lines the ventricular system.{{cite book|vauthors=Javed K, Reddy V, Lui F |title= Neuroanatomy, Choroid Plexus|publisher= StatPearls|date=1 January 2022|pmid= 30844183|url= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538156/}} Progenitor ependymal cells are monociliated but they differentiate into multiciliated ependymal cells.{{cite book |last1=Delgehyr |first1=N |last2=Meunier |first2=A |last3=Faucourt |first3=M |last4=Bosch Grau |first4=M |last5=Strehl |first5=L |last6=Janke |first6=C |last7=Spassky |first7=N |chapter=Ependymal cell differentiation, from monociliated to multiciliated cells |title=Methods in Cilia & Flagella |series=Methods in Cell Biology |date=2015 |volume=127 |pages=19–35 |doi=10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.01.004 |pmid=25837384|isbn=9780128024515 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = van Leeuwen LM, Evans RJ, Jim KK, Verboom T, Fang X, Bojarczuk A, Malicki J, Johnston SA, van der Sar AM | title = A transgenic zebrafish model for the in vivo study of the blood and choroid plexus brain barriers using claudin 5 | journal = Biology Open | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = bio030494| date = February 2018 | pmid = 29437557 | pmc = 5861362 | doi = 10.1242/bio.030494 }} Unlike the ependyma, the choroid plexus epithelial layer has tight junctions{{cite book|title=Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology|date=2011|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-4574-8|edition=12th|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|page=749|last1=Hall|first1=John}} between the cells on the side facing the ventricle (apical surface). These tight junctions prevent the majority of substances from crossing the cell layer into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); thus the choroid plexus acts as a blood–CSF barrier. The choroid plexus folds into many villi around each capillary, creating frond-like processes that project into the ventricles. The villi, along with a brush border of microvilli, greatly increase the surface area of the choroid plexus.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} CSF is formed as plasma is filtered from the blood through the epithelial cells. Choroid plexus epithelial cells actively transport sodium ions into the ventricles and water follows the resulting osmotic gradient.{{cite book |first1=Arthur C. |last1=Guyton |first2=John Edward |last2=Hall | name-list-style = vanc |title=Textbook of medical physiology |year=2005 |publisher=W.B. Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-7216-0240-0 |edition=11th |pages=764–7}}

The choroid plexus consists of many capillaries, separated from the ventricles by choroid epithelial cells. Fluid filters through these cells from blood to become cerebrospinal fluid. There is also much active transport of substances into, and out of, the CSF as it is made.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

File:CSF circulation.png

The choroid plexus regulates the production and composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that provides the protective buoyancy for the brain. CSF acts as a medium for the glymphatic filtration system that facilitates the removal of metabolic waste from the brain, and the exchange of biomolecules and xenobiotics into and out of the brain.{{cite journal | vauthors = Plog BA, Nedergaard M | title = The Glymphatic System in Central Nervous System Health and Disease: Past, Present, and Future | journal = Annual Review of Pathology | volume = 13 | pages = 379–394 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 29195051 | pmc = 5803388 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-pathol-051217-111018 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Abbott NJ, Pizzo ME, Preston JE, Janigro D, Thorne RG | title = The role of brain barriers in fluid movement in the CNS: is there a 'glymphatic' system? | journal = Acta Neuropathologica | volume = 135 | issue = 3 | pages = 387–407 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29428972 | doi = 10.1007/s00401-018-1812-4 | doi-access = free }} In this way the choroid plexus has a very important role in helping to maintain the delicate extracellular environment required by the brain to function optimally.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

The choroid plexus is also a major source of transferrin secretion that plays a part in iron homeostasis in the brain.{{cite journal |last1=Moos |first1=T |title=Brain iron homeostasis |journal=Danish Medical Bulletin |date=November 2002 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=279–301 |pmid=12553165}}{{cite journal |last1=Moos |first1=T |last2=Rosengren Nielsen |first2=T |last3=Skjørringe |first3=T |last4=Morgan |first4=EH |title=Iron trafficking inside the brain |journal=Journal of Neurochemistry |date=December 2007 |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=1730–40 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04976.x |pmid=17953660|doi-access=free }}

{{See also|Glymphatic system}}

The blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) is a fluid–brain barrier that is composed of a pair of membranes that separate blood from CSF at the capillary level and CSF from brain tissue. The blood–CSF boundary at the choroid plexus is a membrane composed of epithelial cells and tight junctions that link them. There is a CSF-brain barrier at the level of the pia mater, but only in the embryo.{{Cite journal|last1=Saunders|first1=Norman R.|last2=Habgood|first2=Mark D.|last3=Møllgård|first3=Kjeld|last4=Dziegielewska|first4=Katarzyna M.|date=2016-03-10|title=The biological significance of brain barrier mechanisms: help or hindrance in drug delivery to the central nervous system?|journal=F1000Research|volume=5|pages=313|doi=10.12688/f1000research.7378.1|issn=2046-1402|pmc=4786902|pmid=26998242|quote=The embryonic CSF-brain barrier, shown in Figure 1(f). In the ventricular zone is a temporary barrier between the CSF and brain parenchyma. In early brain development, strap junctions are present between adjacent neuroepithelial cells; these form a physical barrier restricting the movement of larger molecules, such as proteins, but not smaller molecules. At later stages of development and in the adult brain, these strap junctions are no longer present when this interface becomes ependyma. |doi-access=free }}

Similar to the blood–brain barrier, the blood–CSF barrier functions to prevent the passage of most blood-borne substances into the brain, while selectively permitting the passage of specific substances (such as nutrients) into the brain and facilitating the removal of brain metabolites and metabolic products into the blood.{{cite journal | vauthors = Ueno M, Chiba Y, Murakami R, Matsumoto K, Kawauchi M, Fujihara R | s2cid = 22154007 | title = Blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in normal and pathological conditions | journal = Brain Tumor Pathology | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 89–96 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 26920424 | doi = 10.1007/s10014-016-0255-7}} Despite the similar function between the BBB and BCSFB, each facilitates the transport of different substances into the brain due to the distinctive structural characteristics of each of the two barrier systems.{{cite book|vauthors=Laterra J, Keep R, Betz LA |title=Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects|date=1999|publisher=Lippincott-Raven|location=Philadelphia|edition=6th|section-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27998/|section=Blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier|display-authors=etal}} For a number of substances, the BCSFB is the primary site of entry into brain tissue.

The blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier has also been shown to modulate the entry of leukocytes from the blood to the central nervous system. The choroid plexus cells secrete cytokines that recruit monocyte-derived macrophages, among other cells, to the brain. This cellular trafficking has implications both in normal brain homeostasis and in neuroinflammatory processes.{{cite journal | vauthors = Schwartz M, Baruch K | title = The resolution of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration: leukocyte recruitment via the choroid plexus | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–22 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24357543 | pmc = 3990679 | doi = 10.1002/embj.201386609 }}

{{Main|Choroid plexus cysts}}

{{See also|Triple test}}

During fetal development, some choroid plexus cysts may form. These fluid-filled cysts can be detected by a detailed second trimester ultrasound. The finding is relatively common, with a prevalence of ~1%. Choroid plexus cysts are usually an isolated finding. The cysts typically disappear later during pregnancy, and are usually harmless. They have no effect on infant and early childhood development.{{cite journal | vauthors = Digiovanni LM, Quinlan MP, Verp MS | s2cid = 40130437 | title = Choroid plexus cysts: infant and early childhood developmental outcome | journal = Obstetrics and Gynecology | volume = 90 | issue = 2 | pages = 191–4 | date = August 1997 | pmid = 9241291 | doi = 10.1016/S0029-7844(97)00251-2 }}

Choroid plexus cysts are associated with a 1% risk of fetal aneuploidy.{{cite journal | vauthors = Peleg D, Yankowitz J | title = Choroid plexus cysts and aneuploidy | journal = Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 35 | issue = 7 | pages = 554–7 | date = July 1998 | pmid = 9678699 | pmc = 1051365 | doi = 10.1136/jmg.35.7.554}} The risk of aneuploidy increases to 10.5-12% if other risk factors or ultrasound findings are noted. Size, location, disappearance or progression, and whether the cysts are found on both sides or not do not affect the risk of aneuploidy. 44-50% of Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18) cases will present with choroid plexus cysts, as well 1.4% of Down syndrome (trisomy 21) cases. ~75% of abnormal karyotypes associated with choroid plexus cysts are trisomy 18, while the remainder are trisomy 21.{{cite journal | vauthors = Drugan A, Johnson MP, Evans MI | title = Ultrasound screening for fetal chromosome anomalies | journal = American Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 90 | issue = 2 | pages = 98–107 | date = January 2000 | pmid = 10607945 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(20000117)90:2<98::AID-AJMG2>3.0.CO;2-H}}

There are three graded types of choroid plexus tumor that mainly affect young children. These types of cancer are rare.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

Choroid plexus translates from the Latin {{lang|la|plexus chorioides}},Suzuki, S., Katsumata, T., Ura, R. Fujita, T., Niizima, M. & Suzuki, H. (1936). Über die Nomina Anatomica Nova. Folia Anatomica Japonica, 14, 507-536. which mirrors Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|χοριοειδές πλέγμα}}.{{cite book | vauthors = Liddell HG, Scott R | date = 1940 | title = A Greek-English Lexicon | url = https://archive.org/details/b31364949_0001 | location = Oxford | publisher = Clarendon Press }} The word chorion was used by Galen to refer to the outer membrane enclosing the fetus. Both meanings of the word plexus are given as pleating, or braiding. As often happens language changes and the use of both choroid or chorioid is both accepted. Nomina Anatomica (now Terminologia Anatomica) reflected this dual usage.{{cn|date=July 2024}}

File:Gray749.png|Coronal section of inferior horn of lateral ventricle.

File:Choroid Plexus Histology 40x.png|Choroid plexus histology 40x

File:Slide2ff.JPG|Choroid plexus

File:Slide3oo.JPG|Choroid plexus

File:Choroid plexus.jpg|Choroid plexus

{{Anatomy-terms}}

• Choroid plexus papilloma
• Tela choroidea

{{Gray's}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite journal | vauthors = Brodbelt A, Stoodley M | s2cid = 6901013 | title = CSF pathways: a review | journal = British Journal of Neurosurgery | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 510–20 | date = October 2007 | pmid = 17922324 | doi = 10.1080/02688690701447420 }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Strazielle N, Ghersi-Egea JF | title = Choroid plexus in the central nervous system: biology and physiopathology | journal = Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology | volume = 59 | issue = 7 | pages = 561–74 | date = July 2000 | pmid = 10901227 | doi = 10.1093/jnen/59.7.561 | doi-access = }}

{{refend}}

{{Commons category|Choroid plexus}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20010429022540/http://biocfarm.unibo.it/aunsnc/3dobjc10.html 3-Dimensional images of choroid plexus (marked red)]
• {{cite web|url=http://www.tk.de/rochelexikon/pics/s13048.000-3.html|title=Anatomy diagram: 13048.000-3|website=Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator|publisher=Elsevier|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722052451/http://www.tk.de/rochelexikon/pics/s13048.000-3.html|archive-date=2012-07-22|url-status=dead}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220301/http://rad.usuhs.edu/medpix/medpix.html?mode=image_finder&action=search&srchstr=choroid%20plexus&srch_type=all#top MedPix] Images of Choroid Plexus
• More info at [https://web.archive.org/web/20100713033508/http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1377 BrainInfo]

{{Meninges}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choroid Plexus}}

Category:Meninges

Category:Ventricular system