claves
{{Short description|Musical instrument}}
{{For-multi|the rhythm typically played on this instrument|Clave (rhythm)|the Swiss classical record label|Claves Records}}
{{Infobox Instrument
| name = Claves
| names =
| image = Claves.jpg
| background = percussion
| classification = Hand percussion
| hornbostel_sachs = 111.11
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = Concussion idiophone
| related =
}}
{{Listen|filename=clave pattern.ogg|title=Claves|description=Clave pattern|filesize=160 KB|image=none}}
Claves ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|l|ɑː|v|eɪ|z|,_|k|l|eɪ|v|z}}; {{IPA|es|ˈklaβes|lang}}) are a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of short, wooden sticks about 20–25 centimeters (8–10 inches) long and about 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) in diameter.{{Cite web|title=Claves – Instruments of the world|url=http://instrumentsoftheworld.com/instrument/34-Claves.html|access-date=2020-09-23|website=instrumentsoftheworld.com}}{{Cite web|title=Claves {{!}} musical instrument|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/claves|access-date=2020-09-23|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}} Although traditionally made of wood (typically rosewood, ebony or grenadilla) many modern manufacturers offer claves made of fiberglass or plastic.
When struck, claves produce a bright, penetrating clicking noise. This makes them useful when playing in large dance bands.{{Cite web|title=Claves|url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-1002240531|access-date=2020-09-23|website=Grove Music Online|year=2013|language=en|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2240531|last1=Blades|first1=James|last2=Brett|first2=Thomas|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 }} Claves are sometimes hollow and carved in the middle to amplify the sound.
History
Claves have been very important in the development of Afro-Cuban music, such as the son and guaguancó.They are also often used in Samba music. They are often used to play an ostinato, or repeating rhythmic figure, throughout a piece known as the clave.Godfried T. Toussaint, "A mathematical analysis of African, Brazilian, and Cuban clave rhythms," Proceedings of BRIDGES: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science, Towson University, Towson, MD, July 27–29, 2002, pp. 157–168.
Many examples of clave-like instruments can be found around the world.{{cite book |entry=Claves |title=Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World |volume=2 |pages=352–355 |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8264-6322-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJvzEzjahkQC |last1=Shepherd |first1=John}}
Technique
The basic principle when playing claves is to allow at least one of them to resonate. The usual technique is to hold one lightly with the thumb and fingertips of the non-dominant hand, with the palm up. This forms the hand into a resonating chamber for the clave. Holding the clave on top of fingernails makes the sound clearer. The other is held by the dominant hand at one end with a firmer grip, much like how one normally holds a drumstick. With the end of this clave, the player strikes the resting clave in the center.{{Cite book|last=Klöwer|first=Töm|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38453581|title=The Joy of Drumming: Drums & Percussion Instruments From Around the World|publisher=Binkey Kok|year=1997|isbn=90-74597-31-9|pages=72|oclc=38453581}}
Traditionally, the striking clave is called el macho ("the male") and the resting clave is called la hembra ("the female"). This terminology is used even when the claves are identical.
A roll can be achieved on the claves by holding one clave between the thumb and first two fingers, and then alternating pressure between the two fingers to move the clave back and forth. This clave is placed against the resonating clave to produce a roll.Karl Peinkofer and Fritz Tannigel, Handbook of Percussion Instruments, (Mainz, Germany: Schott, 1976), 142.
Use in popular music
Some salsa singers play this percussion while singing.
Among the bands to have used claves are the Beatles in their recordings "Don't Bother Me", "And I Love Her" and The Who in their song "Magic Bus".
Claves are also utilized in the interstitial spaces of the Night Court theme.
Use in classical music
Many composers looking to emulate Afro-Cuban music will often use claves such as Arturo Márquez with Danzón No. 2 or George Gershwin with his Cuban Overture.
Steve Reich's Music for Pieces of Wood is written for five pairs of claves.Steve Reich, Writings about Music, New York University Press, 1974.
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
Sources
- F. Ortiz, La Clave, Editorial Letras Cubanas, La Habana, Cuba, 1995.
- D. Peñalosa, The Clave Matrix – Afro-Cuban Rhythm: Its Principles and African Origins, Bembe Books, Redway California, U.S.A., 2009.
- O. A. Rodríguez, From Afro-Cuban Music to Salsa, Piranha, Berlin, 1998.
- E. Uribe, The Essence of Afro-Cuban Percussion and Drum Set, Warner Brothers Publications, Miami, Florida, 1996.
External links
- Singer Joe Arroyo [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdM-3IsrwuA playing claves]
- Singer Rubén Blades [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KfITECXcH1U playing claves]
- Singer Meñique [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzIvouItl8g playing claves]
{{Concussion idiophones}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Cuban musical instruments
Category:Central American and Caribbean percussion instruments
Category:Stick concussion idiophones
Category:Orchestral percussion instruments
Category:Unpitched percussion instruments
Category:Australian musical instruments