cleithrum

{{Short description|Bone in fish below the pictorial fin}}

File:Right Cleithrum and Scapula (Labridae).png from a wrasse. The larger bone is the cleithrum.]]

The cleithrum ({{plural form}}: cleithra) is a membrane bone which first appears as part of the skeleton in primitive bony fish, where it runs vertically along the scapula.{{cite book |author=Romer, Alfred Sherwood|author2=Parsons, Thomas S.|year=1977 |title=The Vertebrate Body |publisher=Holt-Saunders International |location= Philadelphia, PA|pages= 184–186|isbn= 0-03-910284-X}} Its name is derived from Greek κλειθρον = "key (lock)", by analogy with "clavicle" from Latin clavicula = "little key".

In modern fishes, the cleithrum is a large bone that extends upwards from the base of the pectoral fin and anchors to the cranium above the gills, forming the posterior edge of the gill chamber.{{cite web|title=Fish Glossary|url=http://seagrant.wisc.edu/greatlakesfish/glossary.html|publisher=University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313043942/http://seagrant.wisc.edu/greatlakesfish/glossary.html|archive-date=2011-03-13|date=5 February 2002}} The bone has scientific use as a means to determine the age of fishes.

The lobe-finned fishes share this arrangement. In the earliest amphibians however, the cleithrum/clavicle complex came free of the skull roof, allowing for a movable neck. The cleithrum disappeared early in the evolution of reptiles, and in amniotes is very small or absent.

It has been argued based on position, muscle connectivity, and developmental origin that the nuchal element of the turtle carapace is formed from fused cleithra.{{Cite journal |last=Lyson |first=Tyler R. |last2=Bhullar |first2=Bhart-Anjan S. |last3=Bever |first3=Gabe S. |last4=Joyce |first4=Walter G. |last5=de Queiroz |first5=Kevin |last6=Abzhanov |first6=Arhat |last7=Gauthier |first7=Jacques A. |date=September 2013 |title=Homology of the enigmatic nuchal bone reveals novel reorganization of the shoulder girdle in the evolution of the turtle shell |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.12041 |journal=Evolution & Development |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=317–325 |doi=10.1111/ede.12041 |issn=1520-541X|doi-access=free }}

File:Pu carapace.jpg