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cleome

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Cleome (Spider Flower) in Gavi.jpg

| image_caption = Cleome houtteana

| taxon = Cleome

| authority = L.

|synonyms = {{collapsible list |

  • Aldenella Greene
  • Andinocleome Iltis & Cochrane
  • Anomalostemon Klotzsch
  • Areocleome R.L.Barrett & Roalson
  • Arivela Raf.
  • Atalanta (Nutt.) Raf.
  • Aubion Raf.
  • Buhsea Bunge
  • Carsonia Greene
  • Celome Greene
  • Chilocalyx Klotzsch
  • Cleoserrata Iltis
  • Coalisina Raf.
  • Cochranella {{small|E.M.McGinty & Roalson (2020)}}
  • Corynandra Schrad. ex Spreng.
  • Cristatella Nutt.
  • Cyrbasium Endl.
  • Dactylaena {{small|Schrad. ex Schult. & Schult.f. (1829)}}
  • Decastemon Klotzsch
  • Dianthera Klotzsch
  • Diorimasperma Raf.
  • Dipterygium Decne.
  • Dispara Raf.
  • Gilgella Roalson & J.C.Hall
  • Gynandropsis DC.
  • Haptocarpum Ule
  • Hemiscola Raf.
  • Iltisiella {{small|Soares Neto & Roalson (2020)}}
  • Isexina Raf.
  • Jacksonia Raf. ex Greene
  • Justago Kuntze
  • Kersia Roalson & J.C.Hall
  • Lagansa Rumph. ex Raf.
  • Melidiscus Raf.
  • Micambe Adans.
  • Mitostylis Raf.
  • Neocleome Small
  • Oncufis Raf.
  • Pedicellaria Schrank
  • Pericla Raf.
  • Physostemon Mart.
  • Podandrogyne Ducke
  • Podogyne Hoffmanns.
  • Polanisia Raf.
  • Pterocleome {{small|Iltis ex E.M.McGinty & Roalson (2020)}}
  • Pteroloma Hochst. & Steud.
  • Puccionia Chiov.
  • Roeperia F.Muell.
  • Rorida J.F.Gmel.
  • Roridula Forssk.
  • Scolosperma Raf.
  • Sieruela Raf.
  • Siliquaria Forssk.
  • Sinapistrum Mill.
  • Stylidocleome Roalson & J.C.Hall
  • Stylista Raf.
  • Symphyostemon Klotzsch
  • Tarenaya Raf.
  • Tetratelia Sond.
  • Thulinella Roalson & J.C.Hall
  • Triandrophora O.Schwarz

}}

|synonyms_ref ={{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30009982-2#synonyms |title=Cleome L. |author= |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=4 December 2023}}

}}

Cleome is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cleomaceae, commonly known as spider flowers, spider plants, spider weeds, or bee plants.{{cite web|url=http://www.sanjuancollege.edu/pages/953.asp|title=Cleomaceae: Cleome Family|author=Steve L. O’Kane Jr.|publisher=San Juan College|access-date=July 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005162229/http://www.sanjuancollege.edu/pages/953.asp|archive-date=October 5, 2011|url-status=dead}}{{cite book|author=G. J. H. Grubben|title =Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2: Vegetables|publisher =PROTA|year =2004 |page=197–198 |isbn =978-90-5782-147-9|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&pg=PA197}} Previously, it had been placed in the family Capparaceae, until DNA studies found the Cleomaceae genera to be more closely related to the Brassicaceae than the Capparaceae. Cleome and clammyweed (Polanisia dodecandra) can sometimes be confused.

The genus sensu stricto includes about 170 species of herbaceous annual or perennial plants and shrubs.Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening 1: 652-653. Macmillan. {{ISBN|1-56159-001-0}}. The genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. However, a recent DNA study failed to separate Cleome, Podandrogyne, and Polanisia from each other, so some taxonomists have abandoned the last two of these genera, treating them as part of Cleome sensu lato; in this case, Cleome contains about 275 species, the vast majority of the Cleomaceae.

The genus contains species which show an evolutionary progression from {{C3}} to {{C4}} photosynthesis. This, combined with it being very close to the Brassicaceae with the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana, makes it an ideal genus in which to study the evolution of {{C4}} photosynthesis. Morphological differences that demonstrate the transition from {{C3}} to {{C4}} include {{C3}} species having leaves with more veins and larger bundle sheath cells. Also, species such as Cleome gynandra produce proteins needed for {{C4}} photosynthesis.{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=D.M. |last2=Muhaidat |first2=R. |last3=Brown |first3=N.J. |last4=Liu |first4=Z. |last5=Stanley |first5=S. |last6=Griffiths |first6=H. |last7=Sage |first7=R.F. |last8=Hibberd |first8=J.M. |title=Cleome, a genus closely related to Arabidopsis, contains species spanning a developmental progression from {{C3}} to {{C4}} photosynthesis|journal=The Plant Journal |volume=51 |issue=5 |year=2007 |pages=886–896 |issn=0960-7412 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03188.x|pmid=17692080 |doi-access=free }} {{open access}} Three species independently acquired the {{C4}} pathway, while others are {{C3}}–{{C4}} intermediate or {{C4}}-like.{{cite journal |last1=Feodorova |first1=T.A. |last2=Voznesenskaya |first2=E.V. |last3=Edwards |first3=G.E. |last4=Roalson |first4=E.H. |title=Biogeographic patterns of diversification and the origins of {{C4}} in Cleome (Cleomaceae) |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=4 |year=2010 |pages=811–826 |issn=0363-6445 |doi=10.1600/036364410X539880 |s2cid=84983697 |url=http://msu-botany.ru/gallery/feodorova-5-&2010.pdf |access-date=16 June 2016}}

Species

199 species are accepted.Germplasm Resources Information Network: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2686 Cleome list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120155739/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2686 |date=2009-01-20 }}Flora Europaea: [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Cleome&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Cleome list]USDA Plants Profile: [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CLEOM Cleome list]Efloras: [http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=0&name_str=cleome Cleome search results]

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Cultivation and uses

File:Cleome chelidonii in AP W IMG_9951.jpg at Pocharam Lake, Andhra Pradesh, India]]

Cleome gynandra is used as a vegetable crop. C. houtteana is a commonly cultivated ornamental plant with purple, pink, or white flowers.

Gallery of species

{{stereo image

|image = Cleocr.jpg

|caption = Cleome seeds resemble snail shells

|width = 450

|height = 180

}}

File:Cleome chelidonii plant.jpg|Cleome chelidonii

File:Cleome foliosa IMG 8601.JPG|Cleome foliosa, from arid region in Namibia

File:Starr 061128-1587 Cleome gynandra.jpg|Cleome gynandra, cultivated as a vegetable

File:Spider flower -- Cleome 'Inncleosr' Senorita Rosalita.jpg|Cleome 'Inncleosr' Senorita Rosalita

File:Tarenaya hassleriana o Cleome Hassleriana o Cleome Spinosa.jpg|Cleome houtteana also known as Tarenaya hasslerianaFlora of China 7: 430–431. 2008: [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF07/Tarenaya.pdf Tarenaya Rafinesque] a common garden ornamental

File:Cleome monophylla W3 IMG_1882.jpg|Cleome monophylla

File:Cleome oxyphylla var. oxyphylla 1DS-II 7380.jpg|Cleome oxyphylla

File:Cleome rutidosperma 05859.jpg|Cleome rutidosperma

File:Cleome spinosa 2012.jpg|Cleome spinosa

File:Cleome_viscosa_by_kadavoor.jpg|Cleome viscosa

References

{{Reflist|2}}

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Category:Brassicales genera