community-based management
{{Community}}
Community-based management (CBM) is a bottom up approach of organization which can be facilitated by an upper government or NGO structure but it aims for local stakeholder participation in the planning, research, development, management and policy making for a community as a whole.{{cite web|last=Senyk|first=J.|title=Lessons from the Equator initiative: Community-based Management by Pred Nai Community Forestry Group in the Mangroves of Southeastern Thailand|url=http://www.umanitoba.ca/institutes/natural_resources/pdf/Tech%20Report%20Thailand%20-%20Jason%20Senyk.pdf|work=Winnipeg: Natural Resources Institute|publisher=University of Manitoba|access-date=30 October 2012}}{{cite journal|last=Balint|first=P.J.|author2=Mashinya, J.|title=The decline of a model Community-based conservation project: Governance, capacity, and devolution in Mahenye, Zimbabwe|journal=Geoforum|year=2005|pages=805–815|doi=10.1016/j.geoforum.2005.01.011|volume=37|url=https://zenodo.org/record/898698/files/article.pdf}} The decentralization of managing tactics enables local people to deal with the unique social, political and ecological problems their community might face and find solutions ideal to their situation.{{cite journal|last=Hackel|first=J.D.|title=Community Conservation and the Future of Africa's Wildlife|journal=Conservation Biology|year=1999|pages=726–734|doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98210.x|volume=13}}{{cite journal|last=Tocconi|first=L.|title=Decentralization, forests and livelihoods: Theory and narrative|journal=Global Environmental Change|year=2007|pages=338–348|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.01.002|volume=17}}{{cite web|last=Senyk|first=J.|title=Lessons from the Equator initiative: Community-based Management by Pred Nai Community Forestry Group in the Mangroves of Southeastern Thailand|url=http://www.umanitoba.ca/institutes/natural_resources/pdf/Tech%20Report%20Thailand%20-%20Jason%20Senyk.pdf|work=Winnipeg: Natural Resources Institute|publisher=University of Manitoba|access-date=30 October 2012}} Overwhelming national or local economic, political and social pressures can affect the efficiency of CBM as well as its long term application.{{cite journal|last=Hackel|first=J.D.|title=Community Conservation and the Future of Africa's Wildlife|journal=Conservation Biology|year=1999|pages=726–734|doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98210.x|volume=13}}
CBM varies across spatial and temporal scales to reflect the ever-changing distinctive physical and/or human environment it is acting within. While the specifics of each practice might differ, existing research maintains that community based management, when implemented properly, is incredibly beneficial not only for the health of the environment, but also for the well-being of the stakeholders.{{cite journal | last1 = Wollenberg | first1 = R. | last2 = Edmunds | first2 = D. | last3 = Buck | first3 = L. | year = 2000 | title = Using Scenarios to Make Decisions About the Future: anticipatory learning for the adaptive co-management of Community Forests | journal = Landscape and Urban Planning | volume = 47 | pages = 65–77 | doi=10.1016/s0169-2046(99)00071-7}}{{cite journal | last1 = Sultana | first1 = P. | last2 = Abeyasekera | first2 = S. | year = 2008 | title = Effectiveness of Participatory Planning for Community Management of Fisheries in Bangladesh | journal = Journal of Environmental Management | volume = 86 | pages = 201–213 | doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.12.027}}{{cite journal | last1 = Banks | first1 = T. | last2 = Richard | first2 = C. | last3 = Ping | first3 = L. | last4 = Zhaoli | first4 = Y. | year = 2003 | title = Community-Based Grassland Management in Western China | journal = Mountain Research and Development | volume = 23 | issue = 2| pages = 132–140 | doi=10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0132:cgmiwc]2.0.co;2| doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | last1 = Ellis | first1 = E. | last2 = Porter-Bolland | first2 = L. | year = 2008 | title = Is Community-Based Forest Management More Effective than Protected Areas? A comparison of land use/land cover change in Two Neighboring study areas of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico | journal = Forest Ecology & Management | volume = 256 | pages = 1971–1983 | doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2008.07.036}}{{cite journal | last1 = Olsson | first1 = P. | last2 = Folke | first2 = C. | year = 2001 | title = Local Ecological Knowledge and Institutional Dynamics for Ecosystem Management: A Study of Lake Racken Watershed, Sweden | journal = Ecosystems | volume = 4 | pages = 85–104 | doi=10.1007/s100210000061}}
Cultural change and sustainability
Social ideologies and cultural divides between regions and often within regions challenge the implications of CBM.{{cite journal|last=Green|first=Maureen G.|author2=Springer|title=Uneven Environmental Management: A Canadian Perspective|journal=Environ Manage|year=2007|issue=1|pages=30–49|doi=10.1007/s00267-005-0159-5|volume=39}} The process of identifying stakeholders and maintaining policies needs to fluctuate culturally to imply the sustainability of CBM.{{cite journal|last=Green|first=Maureen G.|author2=Springer|title=Uneven Environmental Management: A Canadian Perspective|journal=Environ Manage|year=2007|issue=1|pages=30–49|doi=10.1007/s00267-005-0159-5|volume=39}} Scrutiny of inequality issues and the level of self-management a community will take on needs to be evaluated for each CBM implementation.{{cite journal|last=Green|first=Maureen G.|author2=Springer|title=Uneven Environmental Management: A Canadian Perspective|journal=Environ Manage|year=2007|issue=1|pages=30–49|doi=10.1007/s00267-005-0159-5|volume=39}} Therefore, cultural beliefs can be communicated politically whether the community agrees with CBM or not.{{cite journal|last=Green|first=Maureen G.|author2=Springer|title=Uneven Environmental Management: A Canadian Perspective|journal=Environ Manage|year=2007|issue=1|pages=30–49|doi=10.1007/s00267-005-0159-5|volume=39}}
Natural resources
The community-based management concept is often integrated into the conservation and development projects of natural resources.{{cite journal|last=Balint|first=P.J.|author2=Mashinya, J.|title=The decline of a model Community-based conservation project: Governance, capacity, and devolution in Mahenye, Zimbabwe|journal=Geoforum|year=2005|pages=805–815|doi=10.1016/j.geoforum.2005.01.011|volume=37|url=https://zenodo.org/record/898698/files/article.pdf}} Referred to as community-based natural resources management (CBNRM), these projects aim to develop a partnership between wildlife and communities while generating a revenue to benefit the community as well as its resources management.{{cite journal|last=Balint|first=P.J.|author2=Mashinya, J.|title=The decline of a model Community-based conservation project: Governance, capacity, and devolution in Mahenye, Zimbabwe|journal=Geoforum|year=2005|pages=805–815|doi=10.1016/j.geoforum.2005.01.011|volume=37|url=https://zenodo.org/record/898698/files/article.pdf}}
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [http://www.ecoadventurecambodia.com Community Based Eco Tourism Project in Cambodia] Started by Wildlife Alliance (NGO) but mostly managed by a local committee. Wildlife Alliance aims to withdraw completely within a few years.
- From the David Suzuki Foundation website: Fisheries That Work: Sustainability Through Community-Based Management [https://web.archive.org/web/20130506044228/http://www.davidsuzuki.org/publications/reports/1995/fisheries-that-work/]