composite overwrapped pressure vessel

A composite overwrapped pressure vessel (COPV) is a pressure-containing vessel, typically composed of a metallic liner, a composite overwrap, and one or more bosses.{{Cite tech report |last1=Russel |first1=Rick |last2=Flynn |first2=Howard |last3=Forth |first3=Scott |last4=Greene |first4=Nathanael |last5=Kezirian |first5=Michael |last6=Varanauski |first6=Don |last7=Leifeste |first7=Mark |last8=Yoder |first8=Tommy |last9=Woodworth |first9=Warren |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20110003996/downloads/20110003996.pdf |title=Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels (COPV) Stress Rupture Test. Part 2 |date=10 May 2010 |publisher=NASA |hdl=2060/20110003996 |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031040702/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20110003996/downloads/20110003996.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2021 |url-status=live }} They are used in spaceflight due to their high strength and low weight.

During operation, COPVs expand from their unpressurized state.{{cite journal |title=Design and Manufacture of a Composite Overwrapped Pressurant Tank Assembly |last=Tam |first=Walter H. |journal=AIAA |via=Orbital ATK |url=https://www.orbitalatk.com/commerce/Technical_Paper_Library/AIAA2002-4349%20Astrolink%20Pres.pdf |access-date=May 24, 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525132844/https://www.orbitalatk.com/commerce/Technical_Paper_Library/AIAA2002-4349%20Astrolink%20Pres.pdf |archive-date=May 25, 2018}}

COPVs are commonly manufactured by winding resin-impregnated high tensile strength fiber tape directly onto a cylindrical or spherical metallic liner. A robot places the tape so that the fibers lay straight and do not cross or kink, which would create a stress concentration in the fiber, and also ensures that there are minimal gaps or voids between tapes. The entire vessel is then heated in a temperature controlled oven in order to harden the composite resin.

During manufacturing, COPVs undergo a process called autofrettage. The unit is pressurized and the liner expands and plastically (permanently) deforms, resulting in a permanent volume increase. The pressure is then relieved and the liner contracts a small amount, being loaded in compression by the overwrap at near its compressive yield point. This residual strain improves cycle life. Another reason to autofrettage a vessel is to verify that the volume increase across pressure vessels in a product line remain within an expected range. Larger volume growth than usual could indicate manufacturing defects such as overwrap voids, a high stress gradient through the overwrap layers, or other damage.{{Cite conference |last1=Kezirian |first1=Michael T. |last2=Johnson |first2=Kevin L. |last3=Phoenix |first3=Stuart L. |date=27 September 2011 |title=Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels (COPV): Flight Rationale for the Space Shuttle Program |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20110015972/downloads/20110015972.pdf |conference=AIAA SPACE 2011 Conference and Exposition |location=Long Beach, Ca. |publisher=AIAA |hdl=2060/20110015972 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317225827/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20110015972/downloads/20110015972.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2024 |access-date=24 May 2018 |url-status=live }}{{cite web|url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/trs/_techrep/SP-2011-573.pdf|author1=Pat B. McLaughlan|author2=Scott C. Forth|author3=Lorie R. Grimes-Ledesma|title=Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels, A Primer|publisher=NASA|date=March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421081326/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/trs/_techrep/SP-2011-573.pdf|archive-date=2015-04-21}}

Various tests and inspections are performed on COPVs, including hydrostatic tests, stress-rupture lifetime, and nondestructive evaluation.[http://www.agingaircraftconference.org/all_files/3/3c/3c-ppt.pdf Vessel Testing] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905122843/http://www.agingaircraftconference.org/all_files/3/3c/3c-ppt.pdf |date=2008-09-05 }}{{Cite conference |last1=Grimes-Ledesma |first1=Lorie |last2=Phoenix |first2=S. Leigh |last3=Beeson |first3=Harold |last4=Yoder |first4=Tommy |last5=Greene |first5=Nathaniel |date=17 September 2017 |title=Testing of Carbon Fiber Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessel Stress-Rupture Lifetime |url=https://dataverse.jpl.nasa.gov/api/access/datafile/10821 |conference=ASC/ASTM 21st Annual Technical Conference of the American Society for Composite |location=Dearborn, Mi. |publisher=ASTM International |hdl=2014/39869 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830210004/https://dataverse.jpl.nasa.gov/api/access/datafile/10821 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |access-date=20 October 2008 |url-status=live }}

Three main components affect a COPVs strength due to aging: cycle fatigue, age life of the overwrap, and stress rupture life.

COPVs can be subject to complex modes of failure. In 2016, a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket exploded on the pad due to the failure of a COPV inside the liquid oxygen tank:{{Cite news|url=https://www.compositesworld.com/blog/post/spacex-announces-copvs-role-in-sept-rocket-explosion|title=SpaceX announces COPV's role in September rocket explosion|work=01/02/2017|access-date=2018-11-30|archive-date=2018-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614043910/https://www.compositesworld.com/blog/post/spacex-announces-copvs-role-in-sept-rocket-explosion|url-status=live}} the failure resulted from accumulation of frozen solid oxygen between the COPV's aluminum liner and composite overwrap in a void or buckle. The entrapped oxygen can either break overwrap fibers or cause friction between fibers as it swells, igniting the fibers in the pure oxygen and causing the COPV to fail. A similar failure occurred in 2015 on CRS-7 when the COPV burst, causing the oxygen tank to overpressurize and explode 139 seconds into flight.

Engineering-driven approaches are increasingly essential for reducing the cost and improving the manufacturability of composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs), particularly in hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG) storage applications. A major cost driver in COPVs is the high price of carbon fiber, which necessitates efficient material usage without compromising structural integrity. To address this, multiscale finite element analysis and simulation-driven optimization are employed to refine the laminate architecture—balancing hoop and helical layers based on stress distribution and burst pressure requirements.

Advanced simulations are also used to replicate real-world manufacturing effects—such as fiber gaps, overlaps, and compaction—in order to more accurately predict mechanical behavior. By doing so, physical test cycles and prototyping costs can be significantly reduced. Localized reinforcement strategies, such as dome-area fiber patching, allow for a reduction of overall fiber volume while increasing usable tank volume.

Further cost efficiency is achieved by integrating Design for Manufacturing (DfM) principles early in the development process. Windability assessments, integrated quality loops, and process simulations help align the digital design with production constraints. In parallel, in-process quality monitoring technologies enable real-time feedback on fiber placement accuracy and resin content during filament winding. These technologies minimize defects, reduce rework, and support repeatable high-quality manufacturing in industrial settings.{{cite web |title=Cost Reduction in Composite Pressure Vessels: Engineering & Manufacturing |url=https://cikoni.com/en/cost-reduction-composite-pressure-vessel-copv-design-manufacturing |website=CIKONI |publisher=CIKONI GmbH |access-date=2025-05-23}}

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Category:Pressure vessels