consanguine marriage
{{Short description|Marriage between relatives}}
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Consanguine marriage is marriage between individuals who are closely related. Though it may involve incest, it implies more than the sexual nature of incest. In a clinical sense, marriage between two family members who are second cousins or closer qualifies as consanguineous marriage. This is based on the gene copies their offspring may receive.{{Cite journal|title=Consanguineous marriages|last=Hamamy|first=Hanan|date=November 22, 2011|pmc=3419292|pmid=22109912|doi=10.1007/s12687-011-0072-y|volume=3|issue=3|pages=185–92|journal=Journal of Community Genetics}} Though these unions are still prevalent in some communities, as seen across the Greater Middle East region, many other populations have seen a great decline in intra-family marriages.Heidari F, Dastgiri S, Tajaddini N, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Consanguineous Marriage. European Journal of General Medicine [serial online]. December 2014;11(4):248-255. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed October 4, 2016.
Prevalence and stigma
File:Global_prevalence_of_consanguinity.svg in 2013]]
Globally, 8.5% of children have consanguineous parents, and 20% of the human population live in communities practicing endogamy.{{cite journal|vauthors=Obeidat BG, Khader YS, Amarin ZO, Kassawneh M, AlOmari M |title=Consanguinity and adverse pregnancy outcomes: the north of Jordan experience|journal=Matern Child Health J |year=2010|volume=14|number=2|pages=283-9}}{{cite journal|vauthors=Akrami SM, Montazeri V, Shomali SR, Heshmat R, Larijani B |title=Is there a significant trend in prevalence of consanguineous marriage in Tehran? A review of three generations|journal=J Genet Couns|year=2009|volume=18|number=1|pages=82-6}} Theories on the developments of consanguineous marriage as a taboo can be supported as being both a social and a biological development.
= Social factors =
From a social perspective, the observed inclination to practice consanguinity has been due to advantages to social and financial status. Upholding familial structure and assets, and ease of marital arrangements are valued among consanguineous marriages.{{cite journal|vauthors=Shawky RM, El-Awady MY, Elsayed SM, Hamadan GE |title=Consanguineous matings among Egyptian population|journal=Egypt J Med Human Genet|year=2011|volume=12|number=2|pages=157-63}} Low age and a lack of awareness of the consequences of inbreeding are common in consanguineous marriages.
Consanguineous marriage is present in every religion, and cannot be accredited to any one religious mandate. Consanguinity is practiced regardless of religious influences and is a result of cultural, historical, regional, and socio-economic factors.{{cite journal|vauthors=Masood SN, Jamil N, Mumtaz SN, Masood MF, Muneer S |title=Congenital malformations in newborns of consanguineous and non-consanguineous parents|journal=Pak J Med Sci|year=2011|volume=27|pages=1-5}} A greater number of consanguineous marriages are observed in rural areas compared to urban areas within the same region. This is attributed to the tendency of individuals in rural areas to marry at younger ages, have a lower socio-economic status, and lesser education than those who live in urban areas.{{cite journal | last1 = Tadmouri | first1 = GO | last2 = Nair | first2 = P | last3 = Obeid | first3 = T |display-authors=et al | year = 2009 | title = Consanguinity and reproductive health among Arabs | journal = Reproductive Health | volume = 6 | page = 17 | doi=10.1186/1742-4755-6-17 | pmid=19811666 | pmc=2765422 | doi-access = free }}Sedehi M, Keshtkar A, Golalipour MJ. The Knowledge and the Attitude of Youth Couples On/Towards Consanguineous Marriages in the North of Iran. J Clin Diagnostic Res 2012;6(7):1233-6. Parent's grade of job has also been credited as a factor.
In cases of incest involving a child and adult, legislation usually considers it to be a form of child sexual abuse.Levesque, Roger J. R. (1999). Sexual Abuse of Children: A Human Rights Perspective. Indiana University Press. pp. 1,5–6,176–180.{{cite web|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm|title=United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611182141/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm|archive-date=June 11, 2010|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|year=1989}}
Epidemiological features
File:Cognitive_abilities_among_inbred_and_non-inbred_children.png region." (Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC) was used to measure the verbal IQ (VIQ), performance IQ (PIQ) and full scale IQ (FSIQ)).{{cite journal | last1 = Fareed | first1 = M | last2 = Afzal | first2 = M | year = 2014 | title = Estimating the Inbreeding Depression on Cognitive Behavior: A Population Based Study of Child Cohort | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 9 | issue = 10| page = e109585 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0109585 | pmid=25313490 | pmc=4196914| bibcode = 2014PLoSO...9j9585F | doi-access = free }}]]
Multiple studies have established consanguinity as a high cause for birth defects and abnormalities. A risk of autosomal recessive disorders increases in offspring coming from consanguineous marriages due to the increased likelihood of receiving recessive genes from cognate parents. According to population based case-control studies, a higher risk of stillbirth is associated with consanguineous marriages.Maghsoudlou S, Cnattingius S, Bahmanyar S, et al. Consanguineous marriage, prepregnancy maternal characteristics and stillbirth risk: a population-based case-control study. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica [serial online]. October 2015;94(10):1095-1101. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed October 25, 2016.
Inbreeding is associated with decreased cognitive abilities in children.
Younger ages of marriage are commonly seen in consanguineous marriages, which may account for the increase in fertility seen in these unions. Chances of postnatal mortality are higher in offspring. The first year holds the highest chance of death due to the risk of autosomal recessive genes. This is also the cause of health complications as children born from consanguinity enter adulthood.{{Cite journal |jstor = 2137601|title = The Role and Significance of Consanguinity as a Demographic Variable|journal = Population and Development Review|volume = 20|issue = 3|pages = 561–584|last1 = Bittles|first1 = Alan H.|year = 1994|doi = 10.2307/2137601}}
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
{{Refbegin}}
- {{Cite book |last=Arner |first=George B Louis |year=1908 |title=Consanguineous Marriages in the American Population |location=New York, Columbia University |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |series=Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law |volume=XXXI |issue=3 |oclc=1981218 }}
- {{Cite book |last=Ottenheimer |first=Martin |year=1996 |title=Forbidden Relatives: The American Myth of Cousin Marriage |location=Urbana |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0252022395 |oclc=33408080 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/forbiddenrelativ00otte }}
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External links
{{Wiktionary|consanguine|consanguinity|consanguineous}}
- {{Cite web |last1=Bittles |first1=Alan |last2=Black |first2=Michael |url=http://www.consang.net/index.php/Main_Page |title=Consanguinity/Endogamy Resource |publisher=consang.net |access-date=2014-04-02 |archive-date=2020-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102013842/http://www.consang.net/index.php/Main_Page |url-status=dead }}
- {{Cite web |last=Dougherty |first=John |date=29 December 2005 |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2005-12-29/news/forbidden-fruit/1 |title=Forbidden Fruit |publisher=phoenixnewtimes.com |access-date=2014-04-02 |archive-date=2012-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103222643/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2005-12-29/news/forbidden-fruit/1/ |url-status=dead }}
- {{cite news |last=Kershaw |first=Sarah |date=25 November 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/26/garden/26cousins.html |title=Shaking Off the Shame |newspaper=The New York Times }}
- {{Cite web |url=http://law.academic.ru/26066/consanguineous |title=consanguineous |publisher=law.academic.ru }}
- {{Cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/consanguineous |title=consanguineous |publisher=Merriam-Webster |ref={{SfnRef|Webster's Dictionary}} }}
{{Incest}}
{{Types of marriages|state=autocollapse}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Consanguine Marriage}}