constitutional liberalism

{{short description|Form of government}}

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Constitutional liberalism is a form of government that upholds the principles of classical liberalism and the rule of law. It differs from liberal democracy in that it is not about the method of selecting government.{{cite web|last=Shapiro|first=Nathan|title=It's Not Democracy You Want...It's Liberalism| date=27 January 2014 |url=http://assentmagazine.wordpress.com/2014/01/27/its-not-democracy-you-wantits-liberalism/|accessdate=9 February 2014}}

The journalist and scholar Fareed Zakaria explains that constitutional liberalism "is about government's goals. It refers to the tradition, deep in Western history, that seeks to protect an individual's autonomy and dignity against coercion, whatever the source—state, church, or society".{{cite news|last=Zakaria|first=Fareed|title=The Rise of Illiberal Democracy|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/53577/fareed-zakaria/the-rise-of-illiberal-democracy|newspaper=Foreign Affairs|date=November 1997 |accessdate=9 February 2014}} In a constitutionally liberal state, a liberal market is regulated and protected at the level of the constitution and so trade is mostly free, but not entirely unhampered.{{Cite journal|last=Vanberg|first=Victor|date=1999|title=Markets and Regulation: On the Contrast Between Free-Market Liberalism and Constitutional Liberalism.|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/A:1009007511719.pdf|journal=Constitutional Political Economy|volume=10| issue=3 |pages=219–243| doi=10.1023/A:1009007511719 | s2cid=152810983 |via=Springer Link}}

Throughout history, democracy is becoming more common around the world, but it has been in decline for the last 13 years.{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2019|title=Freedom in the World 2019|last=|first=|date=|website=Freedom House|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205150927/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2019 |archive-date=2019-02-05 |access-date=5 November 2019}} Freedom House reported that in 2018 there were 116 electoral democracies.{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2018-table-country-scores|title=Freedom in the World 2018|last=|first=|date=|website=Freedom House|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116145430/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2018-table-country-scores |archive-date=2018-01-16 |access-date=5 November 2019}} Many of these countries are not constitutionally liberal and can be described as illiberal democracies.{{cite web|title=Freedom in the World 2013|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2013#.Uve5o2SwIaM|publisher=Freedom House|accessdate=9 February 2014}}{{cite journal|last=Plattner|first=Marc|title=Liberalism and Democracy: Can't Have One Without the Other| date=28 January 2009 |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/53815/marc-f-plattner/liberalism-and-democracy-cant-have-one-without-the-other|journal=Foreign Affairs|accessdate=28 February 2014}} Constitutional liberalism is different from liberal constitutionalism. While the former asserts values of personal sovereignty at a constitutional level, the latter guards freedom to assert ones own values in the constitution,{{Cite journal|last=Vanberg|first=Victor|date=2011|title=Liberal Constitutionalism, Constitutional Liberalism and Democracy|url=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/36458/1/617387559.pdf|journal=Constitutional Political Economy|volume=22|pages=1–20| doi=10.1007/s10602-010-9090-8 | hdl=10419/36458 | s2cid=144433277 |via=Springer|hdl-access=free}} and, as any constitutionalism designed to curb the tyrannical majority, is inherently antidemocratic.{{sfn|Rosenfeld|1994|p=20}}