contour plowing

The Phoenicians first developed the practice of contour farming and spread it throughout the Mediterranean. However, the Romans preferred cultivation in straight furrows and this practice became standard.{{cite web

| url = https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-contour-farming.html

| title = What Is Contour Farming

| last = Owuor Otieno

| first = Mark

| work = WorldAtlas

| date = 2018-02-18

| quote = Phoenicians ... practiced some of the earliest forms of contour farming ...(and)... helped spread contour farming throughout the Mediterranean ... however, the Romans ... preferred straight furrows. Over a period, societies who embraced irrigation farming adopted this method of plowing and planting.

}}

This was one of the main procedures promoted by the US Soil Conservation Service (the current Natural Resources Conservation Service) during the 1930s. The US Department of Agriculture established the Soil Conservation Service in 1935 during the Dust Bowl when it became apparent that soil erosion was a huge problem along with desertification.

The extent of the problem was such that the 1934 "Yearbook of Agriculture" noted that Approximately 35 million acres [142,000 km²] of formerly cultivated land have essentially been destroyed for crop production. . . . 100 million acres [405,000 km²] now in crops have lost all or most of the topsoil; 125 million acres [506,000 km²] of land now in crops are rapidly losing topsoil. This can lead to large-scale desertification, permanently transforming a formerly productive landscape into an arid one that becomes increasingly intensive and expensive to farm.Hogan, Michael C., and GreenFacts. "Desertification." Encyclopedia of Earth., 22 July 2010. Web. .

The Soil Conservation Service worked with state governments and universities with established agriculture programs, such as the University of Nebraska, to promote the method to farmers. By 1938, the introduction of new agricultural techniques, such as contour plowing, had reduced soil loss by 65% despite the continuation of the drought.

Demonstrations showed that contour farming, under ideal conditions, will increase yields of row crops by up to 50%, with increases of between 5 and 10% being common. Importantly, the technique also significantly reduces soil erosion and fertilizer loss, making farming less energy and resource-intensive under most circumstances."Contour Farming." Encyclopædia Britannica. Ed. Encyclopædia Britannica., 2013. Web. . Reducing fertilizer loss saves the farmer time and money and decreases the risk of harming regional freshwater systems. Soil erosion caused by heavy rain can encourage the development of rills and gullies which carry excess nutrients into freshwater systems through the process of eutrophication{{cite journal | last1 = Hasholt | first1 = Bent | display-authors = etal | year = 1997 | title = Sediment delivery to streams from adjacent slopes on agricultural land in Denmark | journal = IAHS Publications-Series of Proceedings and Reports-Intern Assoc Hydrological Sciences | volume = 245 | pages = 101–110 }}

Contour plowing is also promoted in countries with rainfall patterns similar to those in the United States, such as western Canada and Australia.

The practice is effective only on slopes with between 2% and 10% gradient and when rainfall does not exceed a certain amount within a certain period. On steeper slopes and areas with greater rainfall, a procedure known as strip cropping is used with contour farming to provide additional protection.{{Cite web |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs143_026017.pdf |title=NRCS Conservation Practice Standard 330-Contour Farming |access-date=21 March 2018 |archive-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201021324/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs143_026017.pdf |url-status=dead }} Contour farming is most effective when used with other soil conservation methods such as terrace farming, and the use of cover crops.Reinhardt, Claudia, and Bill Ganzel. "Contour Plowing & Terraces during the 1930s Depression." Living History Farm., 2003. Web. . The proper combination of such farming methods can be determined by various climatic and soil conditions of that given area. Farming sites are often classified into five levels: insensitive, mild, moderate, high, and extreme, depending on the region's soil sensitivity.{{cite journal | last1 = Zhang | first1 = Ronghua | last2 = Liu | first2 = Xia | last3 = Heathman | first3 = Gary C. | last4 = Yao | first4 = Xiaoyou | last5 = Hu | first5 = Xuli | last6 = Zhang | first6 = Guangcan | year = 2013 | title = Assessment of soil erosion sensitivity and analysis of sensitivity factors in the Tongbai–Dabie mountainous area of China | journal = CATENA | volume = 101 | pages = 92–9 | doi=10.1016/j.catena.2012.10.008}} Contour farming is applied in certain European countries such as Belgium, Italy, Greece, Romania, Slovenia, and Spain in areas with higher than 10% slope.{{Cite journal|last1=Panagos|first1=Panos|last2=Borrelli|first2=Pasquale|last3=Meusburger|first3=Katrin|last4=Zanden|first4=Emma H. van der|last5=Poesen|first5=Jean|last6=Alewell|first6=Christine|title=Modelling the effect of support practices (P-factor) on the reduction of soil erosion by water at European scale|journal=Environmental Science & Policy|volume=51|pages=23–34|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2015.03.012|year=2015|doi-access=free}}

P. A. Yeomans' Keyline design system is critical of traditional contour plowing techniques and improves the system through observing normal landforms and topography. At one end of a contour, the slope of the land will always be steeper than at the other. Thus, when plowing parallel runs paralleling any contour, the plow furrows soon deviate from a true contour. Rainwater in these furrows will flow sideways along the falling "contour" line. This can often concentrate water to exacerbate erosion instead of reducing it. Yeomans was the first to appreciate the significance of this phenomenon. Keyline cultivation utilizes this "off contour" drift in cultivating furrows to control the movement of rainwater for the benefit of the land.

• George Washington Carver
• Soil conservation
• Tillage erosion

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category-inline|Contour farming}}

• [https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs143_026017.pdf NRCS Conservation Practice Standard 330-Contour Farming] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201021324/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs143_026017.pdf |date=1 February 2017 }} 4 page pdf file
• [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9026066/ Encyclopædia Britannica page on contour farming]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050427204551/http://www.ctic.purdue.edu/Core4/CT/Choices/choice15.html Purdue University article on contour farming]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060926145343/http://efotg.nrcs.usda.gov/references/public/WI/330.pdf Natural Resources Conservation Service page on sustainable farming]
• [http://www.agr.gc.ca/pfra/soil/soilc02a.htm/ Manitoba Soil Conservation Resource Manual]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130729075139/http://www.yeomansplow.com.au/priority-one.htm Priority One. Together We Can Beat Global Warming]
• Pearce, F. (2002) Africans go back to the land as plants reclaim the desert, New Scientist 21. September, page 4.
• [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5301E/x5301e0a.htm Looking after our land - Soil and Water Conservation in Dryland Africa] - Detailed instructions for contour bund construction.
• [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2267652.stm BBC News - Sahara desert frontiers turn green]
• [http://extension.psu.edu/agronomy-guide/cm/sec1/sec11d]-Article on Water Erosion from Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences
• [http://extension.psu.edu/agronomy-guide/cm/sec1/sec11e] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310201014/https://extension.psu.edu/agronomy-guide/cm/sec1/sec11e |date=10 March 2023 }}-Article on Tillage Erosion from Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

Category:Agricultural soil science