copper toxicity

Acute symptoms of copper poisoning by ingestion include vomiting, hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hypotension (low blood pressure), melena (black "tarry" feces), coma, jaundice (yellowish pigmentation of the skin), and gastrointestinal distress.{{cite book |first1=L. |last1=Casarett |first2=L.J. |last2=Casarett |first3=M.O. |last3=Amdur |first4=J. |last4=Doull |title=Casarett & Doull's Toxicology, The Basic Science of Poisons |publisher=McGraw-Hill |edition=5th |year=1996 |isbn=0071054766 |page=715 }} Individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency may be at increased risk of hematologic effects of copper. Hemolytic anemia resulting from the treatment of burns with copper compounds is infrequent.

Chronic (long-term) copper exposure can damage the liver and kidneys.{{cite web |title=Copper: Health Information Summary |work=Environmental Fact Sheet |publisher=New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services |id=ARD-EHP-9 |year=2005 |url=http://des.nh.gov/organization/commissioner/pip/factsheets/ard/documents/ard-ehp-9.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120014307/http://www.des.nh.gov/organization/commissioner/pip/factsheets/ard/documents/ard-ehp-9.pdf |archivedate=20 January 2017}} Mammals have efficient mechanisms to regulate copper stores such that they are generally protected from excess dietary copper levels.{{cite journal|title=Function and Regulation of Human Copper-Transporting ATPases|journal=Physiological Reviews|volume=87|issue=3|pages=1011–46|doi=10.1152/physrev.00004.2006|pmid=17615395|year=2007|last1=Lutsenko|first1=Svetlana|last2=Barnes|first2=Natalie L.|last3=Bartee|first3=Mee Y.|last4=Dmitriev|first4=Oleg Y.}} The biological half-life of copper in human is about 13–33 days,{{cite web | url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Copper-HealthProfessional/ | title=Office of Dietary Supplements - Copper | date=13 November 2024 | access-date=13 November 2024 | archive-date=11 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111035235/https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Copper-HealthProfessional/ | url-status=live }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Charkiewicz AE |title=Is Copper Still Safe for Us? What Do We Know and What Are the Latest Literature Statements? |journal=Curr Issues Mol Biol |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=8441–8463 |date=August 2024 |pmid=39194715 |pmc=11352522 |doi=10.3390/cimb46080498|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal|date=10 February 2024|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.040|volume=44|pages=28–50|vauthors=Pfeiffer CC, Braverman ER|title=Copper: An essential metal in biology |journal=Current Biology |issue=21 |pmid=22075424 |pmc=3718004 }} with excess copper excreted primarily through the bile into feces, and small amounts can be excreted through urine, saliva, and perspiration.{{cite web | url=https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/427 | title=Wilson disease - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US | access-date=2024-11-13 | archive-date=2023-03-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311222935/https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/427 | url-status=live }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Linder MC |title=Copper Homeostasis in Mammals, with Emphasis on Secretion and Excretion. A Review |journal=Int J Mol Sci |volume=21 |issue=14 |date=July 2020 |page=4932 |pmid=32668621 |pmc=7403968 |doi=10.3390/ijms21144932|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00424-020-02412-2 | doi=10.1007/s00424-020-02412-2 | title=The molecular mechanisms of copper metabolism and its roles in human diseases | date=2020 | last1=Chen | first1=Ji | last2=Jiang | first2=Yunhui | last3=Shi | first3=Hua | last4=Peng | first4=Yougong | last5=Fan | first5=Xueying | last6=Li | first6=Chenghua | journal=Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology | volume=472 | issue=10 | pages=1415–1429 | pmid=32506322 | access-date=2024-11-13 | archive-date=2024-08-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819174342/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00424-020-02412-2 | url-status=live }}{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s11596-024-2832-z | title=Copper Metabolism and Cuproptosis: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives in Neurodegenerative Diseases | date=2024 | last1=Ban | first1=Xiao-xia | last2=Wan | first2=Hao | last3=Wan | first3=Xin-Xing | last4=Tan | first4=Ya-Ting | last5=Hu | first5=Xi-min | last6=Ban | first6=Hong-xia | last7=Chen | first7=Xin-yu | last8=Huang | first8=Kun | last9=Zhang | first9=Qi | last10=Xiong | first10=Kun | journal=Current Medical Science | volume=44 | issue=1 | pages=28–50 | pmid=38336987 | doi-access=free }}{{Excessive citations inline|date=March 2025}}

Those same protection mechanisms can cause milder symptoms, which are often misdiagnosed as psychiatric disorders. There is a lot of research on the function of the Cu/Zn ratio in neurological, endocrinological, and psychological conditions.{{cite journal|title=Role of copper in human neurological disorders|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=88|issue=3|pages=855S–8S|url=http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/88/3/855S.short|access-date=20 December 2015|doi=10.1093/ajcn/88.3.855S|pmid=18779308|year=2008|last1=Desai|first1=Vishal|last2=Kaler|first2=Stephen G.|doi-access=free|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306232822/http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/88/3/855S.short|url-status=live}}{{cite journal|title=Treatment of Mood Lability and Explosive Rage with Minerals and Vitamins: Two Case Studies in Children |journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology|volume=12|issue=3|pages=205–219|doi=10.1089/104454602760386897|pmid=12427294|year=2002 |last1=Kaplan |first1=Bonnie J. |last2=Crawford|first2=Susan G.|last3=Gardner|first3=Beryl|last4=Farrelly|first4=Geraldine}}{{cite journal|title=The plasma zinc/serum copper ratio as a biomarker in children with autism spectrum disorders|journal=Biomarkers|volume=14|issue=3|pages=171–180|doi=10.1080/13547500902783747|pmid=19280374|year=2009|last1=Faber|first1=Scott|last2=Zinn|first2=Gregory M.|last3=Kern Ii|first3=John C.|last4=Skip Kingston|first4=H. M.|s2cid=205770002}} Many of the substances that protect humans from excess copper perform important functions in the neurological and endocrine systems, leading to diagnostic difficulties. When they are used to bind copper in the plasma, to prevent it from being absorbed in the tissues, their own function may go unfulfilled. Such symptoms often include mood swings, irritability, depression, fatigue, excitation, difficulty focusing, and feeling out of control. To further complicate diagnosis, some symptoms of excess copper are similar to those of a copper deficit.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) in drinking water is 1.3 milligrams per liter.Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 8 / Wednesday, January 12, 2000 / Rules and Regulations. pp. 1976. The MCL for copper is based on the expectation that a lifetime of consuming copper in water at this level is without adverse effect (gastrointestinal). The US EPA lists copper as a micronutrient and a toxin.{{cite web|author1=US EPA Region 5|title=Ecological Toxicity Information|url=http://www.epa.gov/R5Super/ecology/toxprofiles.htm#cu|publisher=US EPA|access-date=17 June 2015|date=2011-12-28|archive-date=2015-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330002019/http://www.epa.gov/R5Super/ecology/toxprofiles.htm#cu|url-status=live}} Toxicity in mammals includes a wide range of animals and effects such as liver cirrhosis, necrosis in kidneys and the brain, gastrointestinal distress, lesions, low blood pressure, and fetal mortality.{{cite web|title=Toxicological Profile for Copper|url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiledocs/index.html?id=206&tid=37|publisher=Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|access-date=17 June 2015}}{{cite book|last=Kabata-Pendias|first=Alina|author-link=Alina Kabata-Pendias|title=Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, Fourth Edition|url=http://www.petronet.ir/documents/10180/2323242/Trace_Elements_in_Soils_and_Plants|publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=17 June 2015 |edition=4th |year=2010 |isbn=9781420093681 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716205919/http://www.petronet.ir/documents/10180/2323242/Trace_Elements_in_Soils_and_Plants|archive-date=16 July 2015|url-status=dead }}{{cite book|last1=Ware|first1=George W.|title=Pesticides: Theory and application|date=1983|publisher=W.H. Freeman|location=New York|oclc=669712126}} The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a limit of 0.1 mg/m³ for copper fumes (vapor generated from heating copper) and 1 mg/m³ for copper dusts (fine metallic copper particles) and mists (aerosol of soluble copper) in workroom air during an eight-hour work shift, 40-hour work week.Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, Copper, Available Online at: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/metalsheavy/copper.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927052455/https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/metalsheavy/copper.html |date=2017-09-27 }} Toxicity to other species of plants and animals is noted to varying levels.

The EPA lists no evidence for human cancer incidence connected with copper, and lists animal evidence linking copper to cancer as "inadequate". Two studies in mice have shown no increased incidence of cancer. One of these used regular injections of copper compounds, including cupric oxide. One study of two strains of mice fed copper compounds found a varying increased incidence of reticulum cell sarcoma in males of one strain, but not the other (there was a slightly increased incidence in females of both strains). These results have not been repeated.{{Cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0368.htm |title=EPA results for copper and cancer. Accessed March 11, 2011 |access-date=March 11, 2011 |archive-date=September 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913220241/http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0368.htm |url-status=live }}

One manifestation of copper toxicity, cirrhosis of the liver in children (Indian childhood cirrhosis), has been linked to boiling milk in copper cookware. The Merck Manual states that recent studies suggest that a genetic defect is associated with this particular cirrhosis.{{cite web | url = http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec01/ch005/ch005c.html?qt=copper%20and%20milk&alt=sh | work = Merck Manuals — Online Medical Library | title = Copper | publisher = Merck | date = November 2005 | access-date = 2008-07-19 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

An inherited condition called Wilson's disease causes the body to retain copper, since it is not excreted by the liver into the bile. This disease, if untreated, can lead to brain and liver damage, and bis-choline tetrathiomolybdate is under investigation as a therapy against Wilson's disease.

An X-linked recessive trait that is inherited named Menke's disease causes disruption of connective tissue due to mutations in genes. If severely affected the approximate span of life is three years. One treatment used to correct the mutation is copper-histidine treatment.{{cite journal |last1=Tümer |first1=Zeynep |last2=Møller |first2=Lisbeth B. |date=May 2010 |title=Menkes disease |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=511–518 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2009.187 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=2987322 |pmid=19888294}}

Elevated free copper levels exist in Alzheimer's disease,{{cite journal | author = Brewer GJ | s2cid = 43106197 | date = Apr 2010 | title = Copper toxicity in the general population | journal = Clin Neurophysiol | volume = 121 | issue = 4| pages = 459–60 | doi = 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.12.015 | pmid = 20071223 }} which has been hypothesized to be linked to inorganic copper consumption.{{cite journal |author=Brewer GJ |s2cid=21630019 |title=The risk of copper toxicity contributing to cognitive decline in the aging population and to Alzheimer's disease |journal=J. Am. Coll. Nutr. |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=238–42 |date=June 2009 |doi= 10.1080/07315724.2009.10719777|pmid=20150596}} Copper and zinc are known to bind to amyloid beta proteins in Alzheimer's disease.{{cite journal |journal=ChemBioChem |date=2009-12-14 |volume=10 |issue=18 |pages=2837–45 |title=Copper and zinc binding to amyloid-beta: coordination, dynamics, aggregation, reactivity and metal-ion transfer |author=Faller P |pmid=19877000 |doi= 10.1002/cbic.200900321 |s2cid=35130040 }} This bound form is thought to mediate the production of reactive oxygen species in the brain.{{cite journal |journal=Biochimie |date=October 2009 |volume=91 |issue=10 |pages=1212–7 |title=Abeta-mediated ROS production by Cu ions: structural insights, mechanisms and relevance to Alzheimer's disease |vauthors=Hureau C, Faller P |pmid=19332103 |doi=10.1016/j.biochi.2009.03.013 }}

ICD-9-CM code 985.8 Toxic effect of other specified metals includes acute and chronic copper poisoning (or other toxic effect) whether intentional, accidental, industrial etc.

In addition, it includes poisoning and toxic effects of other metals including tin, selenium, nickel, iron, heavy metals, thallium, silver, lithium, cobalt, aluminum and bismuth. Some poisonings, e.g. zinc phosphide, would/could also be included as well as under 989.4 Poisoning due to other pesticides, etc.

Excluded are toxic effects of mercury, arsenic, manganese, beryllium, antimony, cadmium, and chromium.

In cases of suspected copper poisoning, penicillamine is the drug of choice, and dimercaprol, a heavy metal chelating agent, is often administered. Vinegar is not recommended to be given, as it assists in solubilizing insoluble copper salts. The inflammatory symptoms are to be treated on general principles, as are the nervous ones.{{Citation |last1=Royer |first1=Amor |title=Copper Toxicity |date=2022 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557456/ |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32491388 |access-date=2022-09-27 |last2=Sharman |first2=Tariq |archive-date=2022-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802202412/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557456/ |url-status=live }} Treatment can also look like ozone oxidation for environmental toxicity problems, as well as removing sediment in water areas because sediment can be a home for toxicants to reside. {{cite journal |title=Treatment of high toxicity and high concentration organic wastewater includes adding copper sulfate and sodium sulfate to high toxicity and high concentration organic wastewater and treating organic wastewater by biological denitrification |url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/alldb/full-record/DIIDW:201950583U |journal=Web of Science |access-date=2022-09-30 |archive-date=2022-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930180749/https://www.webofscience.com/wos/alldb/full-record/DIIDW:201950583U |url-status=live }}

There is some evidence that alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) may work as a milder chelator of tissue-bound copper.{{cite journal|title=Comparison of the effect of α-lipoic acid and α-tocopherol supplementation on measures of oxidative stress|doi=10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00155-0|pmid=10569644|volume=27|issue=9–10|journal=Free Radical Biology and Medicine|pages=1114–1121|date=November 1999|last1=Marangon|first1=Karine|last2=Devaraj|first2=Sridevi|last3=Tirosh|first3=Oren|last4=Packer|first4=Lester|last5=Jialal|first5=Ishwarlal}} Alpha lipoic acid is also being researched for chelating other heavy metals, such as mercury.{{cite web|title=Mercury toxicity and antioxidants: part I: role of glutathione and alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of mercury toxicity. (Mercury Toxicity).|url=http://www.biomedsearch.com/article/Mercury-toxicity-antioxidants-part-role/96416600.html|publisher=Thorne Research Inc. 2002|access-date=20 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110443/http://www.biomedsearch.com/article/Mercury-toxicity-antioxidants-part-role/96416600.html|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=dead}}

Too much copper in water may damage marine and freshwater organisms such as fish and molluscs.{{cite journal |vauthors=Van Genderen EJ, Ryan AC, Tomasso JR, Klaine SJ |title=Evaluation of acute copper toxicity to larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) in soft surface waters |journal=Environ. Toxicol. Chem. |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=408–14 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15720002 |doi= 10.1897/03-494.1|bibcode=2005EnvTC..24..408V |s2cid=6612606 }} Fish species vary in their sensitivity to copper, with the LD50 for 96-h exposure to copper sulfate reported to be in the order of 58 mg per litre for Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and 70 mg per litre for catfish (Clarias gariepinus) {{cite journal |author=Ezeonyejiaku, CD, Obiakor, MO and Ezenwelu, CO |title=Toxicity of copper sulphate and behavioural locomotor response of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and catfish (Clarias gariepinus) species. |year=2011 |journal=Online J. Anim. Feed Res.|volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=130–134}} The chronic effect of sublethal concentrations of copper on fish and other creatures is damage to gills, liver, kidneys and the nervous system. It also interferes with the sense of smell in fish, thus preventing them from choosing good mates or finding their way to mating areas.{{cite journal |author1=C. A. Flemming |author2=J. T. Trevors |s2cid=98175996 |title=Copper toxicity and chemistry in the environment: a review |journal=Water, Air, & Soil Pollution | volume = 44| issue = 1–2 | year = 1989 | doi= 10.1007/BF00228784 | pages= 143–158 |bibcode=1989WASP...44..143F }}

Copper-based paint is a common marine antifouling agent.{{cite journal|last1=Earley|first1=Patrick J.|last2=Swope|first2=Brandon L.|last3=Barbeau|first3=Katherine|author-link3=Katherine Barbeau|last4=Bundy|first4=Randelle|last5=McDonald|first5=Janessa A.|last6=Rivera-Duarte|first6=Ignacio|date=2014-01-01|title=Life cycle contributions of copper from vessel painting and maintenance activities|journal=Biofouling|volume=30|issue=1|pages=51–68|doi=10.1080/08927014.2013.841891|issn=0892-7014|pmc=3919178|pmid=24199998|bibcode=2014Biofo..30...51E }} In the United States, copper-based paint replaced tributyltin, which was banned due to its toxicity, as a way for boats to control organic growth on their hulls. In 2011, Washington state became the first U.S. state to ban the use of copper-based paint for boating, although it only applied to recreational boats.{{cite web|url=http://www.boatus.com/magazine/2012/february/copper.asp|title=Is Copper Bottom Paint Sinking? - BoatUS Magazine|access-date=2016-09-22|archive-date=2020-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801090801/https://www.boatus.com/magazine/2012/february/copper.asp|url-status=dead}} California has also pursued initiatives to reduce the effect of copper leaching, with the U.S. EPA pursuing research.{{cite web|url=http://www.paint.org/article/marine-coatings-making-sense-u-s-state-local-mandates-copper-based-antifouling-regulations/|title=Marine Coatings: Making Sense of U.S., State, and Local Mandates of Copper-Based Antifouling Regulations|publisher=American Coatings Association|access-date=2016-09-22|archive-date=2016-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020213902/http://www.paint.org/article/marine-coatings-making-sense-u-s-state-local-mandates-copper-based-antifouling-regulations/|url-status=live}}

Copper is an essential elemental for metabolic processes in marine algae. It is required for electron transport in photosynthesis and by various enzyme systems. Too much copper can also affect phytoplankton or marine algae in both marine and freshwater ecosystems. It has been shown to inhibit photosynthesis, disrupt electron transport in photosystem 2, reduce pigment concentrations, restrict growth, reduce reproduction, etc.{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228052466 |doi=10.1111/j.0022-3646.1997.00002.x|title=The Toxicity of Copper (II) Species to Marine Algae, with Particular Reference to Macroalgae |year=1997 |last1=Gledhill |first1=Martha |last2=Nimmo |first2=Malcolm |last3=Hill |first3=Stephen J. |last4=Brown |first4=Murray T. |journal=Journal of Phycology |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=2–11 |bibcode=1997JPcgy..33....2G |s2cid=84128896 }} The toxicity of copper is widely recognized and is used to help prevent algal blooms. The effect of copper is solely dependent on the free copper the water is receiving. It's determined by the relative solubility and the concentration of the copper binding ligands.

Studies have shown that copper concentrations are toxic when marine phytoplankton are confined to areas that are heavily impacted by anthropogenic emissions.{{cite journal|last1=Lopez|first1=Johann S.|last2=Lee|first2=Lillian|last3=Mackey|first3=Katherine R. M.|date=2019-01-24|title=The Toxicity of Copper to Crocosphaera watsonii and Other Marine Phytoplankton: A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Marine Science|volume=5|pages=511|doi=10.3389/fmars.2018.00511|issn=2296-7745|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019FrMaS...5..511L }} Some of the studies have used a marine amphipod to show how copper affects it. This particular study said that the juveniles were 4.5 more times sensitive to the toxins than the adults.{{cite journal|last1=Ahsanullah|first1=M.|last2=Florence|first2=T. M.|date=1984-12-01|title=Toxicity of copper to the marine amphipod Allorchestes compressa in the presence of water-and lipid-soluble ligands|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00394525|journal=Marine Biology|language=en|volume=84|issue=1|pages=41–45|doi=10.1007/BF00394525|bibcode=1984MarBi..84...41A |s2cid=84484414|issn=1432-1793}} Another study used 7 different algal species. They found that one species was more sensitive than the others, which was Synechococcus, and that another species was more sensitive in seawater, which was Thalassiosira weissflogii.{{cite journal|last1=Quigg|first1=Antonietta|last2=Reinfelder|first2=John R.|last3=Fisher|first3=Nicholas S.|date=2006|title=Copper uptake kinetics in diverse marine phytoplankton|journal=Limnology and Oceanography|language=en|volume=51|issue=2|pages=893–899|doi=10.4319/lo.2006.51.2.0893|bibcode=2006LimOc..51..893Q|issn=1939-5590|doi-access=free}}

One study used cyanobacteria, diatoms, coccolithophores, and dinoflagellates. This study showed that cyanobacteria was the most sensitive, diatoms were the least sensitive, and the coccolithophores and dinoflagellates were intermediate. They used copper ion in a buffer system and controlled it at different levels. They found that cyanobacteria reproduction rates were reduced while other algae had maximum reproduction rates. They found that Copper may influence seasonal successions of species.{{cite journal|last1=Brand|first1=Larry E.|last2=Sunda|first2=William G.|last3=Guillard|first3=Robert R. L.|date=1986-05-01|title=Reduction of marine phytoplankton reproduction rates by copper and cadmium|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-0981%2886%2990205-4|journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology|language=en|volume=96|issue=3|pages=225–250|doi=10.1016/0022-0981(86)90205-4|bibcode=1986JEMBE..96..225B |issn=0022-0981}}

Copper and copper alloys such as brass have been found to be toxic to bacteria via the oligodynamic effect. The exact mechanism of action is unknown, but common to other heavy metals. Viruses are less susceptible to this effect than bacteria. Associated applications include the use of brass doorknobs in hospitals, which have been found to self-disinfect after eight hours, and mineral sanitizers, in which copper can act as an algicide. Overuse of copper sulfate as an algicide has been speculated to have caused a copper poisoning epidemic on Great Palm Island in 1979.{{cite journal |author=Prociv P |title=Algal toxins or copper poisoning—revisiting the Palm Island 'epidemic' |journal=Med. J. Aust. |volume=181 |issue=6 |pages=344 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15377259 |doi= 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06316.x|s2cid=22054004 }}

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{{Medical resources

| DiseasesDB =

| ICD10 = {{ICD10|T|56|4|t|51}}

| ICD9 = {{ICD9|985.8}}

| OMIM =

| MedlinePlus = 002496

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{{Poisoning and toxicity}}

{{Elements in biology}}

Category:Copper in health

Category:Toxic effects of metals