corbel

Norman (Romanesque) corbels often have a plain appearance,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} although they may be elaborately carved with stylised heads of humans, animals or imaginary "beasts", and sometimes with other motifs (The Church of St Mary and St David in Kilpeck, Herefordshire is a notable example, with 85 of its original 91 richly carved corbels still surviving).[http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/search/location/kilpeck*/site/ed-he-kilpe.html CRSBI website: St Mary and St David, Kilpeck, Herefordshire] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120730145323/http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/search/location/kilpeck*/site/ed-he-kilpe.html |date=2012-07-30 }}

Similarly, in the Early English period corbels were sometimes elaborately carved, as at Lincoln Cathedral, and sometimes more simply so.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

File:Swell Tor Corbels.jpg but unused; Swell Tor quarry, Dartmoor]]

Corbels sometimes end with a point apparently growing into the wall, or forming a knot, and often are supported by angels and other figures. In the later periods the carved foliage and other ornaments used on corbels resemble those used in the capitals of columns.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Throughout England, in half-timber work, wooden corbels ("tassels" or "braggers") abound, carrying window-sills or oriel windows in wood, which also are often carved.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

The corbels carrying balconies in Italy and France were sometimes of great size and richly carved, and some of the finest examples of the Italian Cinquecento (16th century) style are found in them.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Taking a cue from 16th-century practice, the Paris-trained designers of 19th-century Beaux-Arts architecture were encouraged to show imagination in varying corbels.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}

File:Colegiata de Cervatos - Canecillos sobre la portada.jpg, near Santander, Spain]]

A corbel table is a projecting moulded string course supported by a range of corbels. Sometimes these corbels carry a small arcade under the string course, the arches of which are pointed and trefoiled. As a rule, the corbel table carries the gutter, but in Lombard work the arcaded corbel table was used as a decoration to subdivide the storeys and break up the wall surface. In Italy sometimes over the corbels will form a moulding, and above a plain piece of projecting wall forming a parapet.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

The corbels carrying the arches of the corbel tables in Italy and France were often elaborately moulded, sometimes in two or three courses projecting over one another; those carrying the machicolations of English and French castles had four courses.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

In modern chimney construction, a corbel table is constructed on the inside of a flue in the form of a concrete ring beam supported by a range of corbels. The corbels can be either in-situ or pre-cast concrete. The corbel tables described here are built at approximately ten-metre intervals to ensure stability of the barrel of refractory bricks constructed thereon.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}

{{Main|Corbel arch}}

File:Ugarit Corbel.jpg, 2nd millennium BC]]

File:Broadway tower POTY 2016 banner.jpg, Broadway Tower, England]]

Corbelling, where rows of corbels gradually build a wall out from the vertical, has long been used as a simple kind of vaulting, for example in many Neolithic chambered cairns, where walls are gradually corbelled in until the opening can be spanned by a slab.

Corbelled vaults are very common in early architecture around the world. Different types may be called the beehive house (ancient Britain and elsewhere), the Irish clochán, the pre-Roman nuraghe of Sardinia, and the tholos tombs (or "beehive tombs") of Late Bronze Age Greece and other parts of the Mediterranean.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

In medieval architecture, the technique was used to support upper storeys or a parapet projecting forward from the wall plane, often to form machicolations (openings between corbels could be used to drop things onto attackers). This later became a decorative feature, without the openings. Corbelling supporting upper stories and particularly supporting projecting corner turrets subsequently became a characteristic of the Scottish baronial style.

Medieval timber-framed buildings often employ jettying, where upper stories are cantilevered out on projecting wooden beams in a similar manner to corbelling.

Erechteum05.jpg|Ancient Greek corbel (initially a pair) of a door of the Erechtheum (Athens, Greece)

010218 campidoglio Tabularium 02 a.png|Roman corbels of a modillion cornice from the Temple of Concord (Rome), in the Tabularium (Rome)

Elephant-shaped column brackets at Lahore Fort.jpg|Indian corbels of the Lahore Fort (Lahore, Pakistan)

Angoulême 16 Cathédrale modillons chapelle S 2013.jpg|Romanesque corbels of the Angoulême Cathedral (Angoulême, France)

Bad Tölz Mariä Himmelfahrt Konsole 311.jpg|Gothic corbel in the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mariä_Himmelfahrt_(Bad_Tölz) Mariä Himmelfahrt] (Bad Tölz, Germany)

RomaChiostroBramante-OrdineSuperioreTrabeazione.jpg|Renaissance corbels of the Santa Maria della Pace (Rome)

P1020923 (5015160701).jpg|Baroque corbels with mascarons in the Salon d'Hercule (Palace of Versailles, France)

Paris Hôtel Jeanne d'Albret 94.JPG|Rococo corbel with a mascaron, on the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hôtel_Jeanne_d%27Albret Hôtel Jeanne d'Albret] (Paris)

Kina slott detalj 2011b.jpg|Chinoiserie of the Chinese Pavilion at Drottningholm (Ekerö Municipality, Sweden)

Périgueux palais Justice corbeau.JPG|Neoclassical corbel of the Palais de Justice de Périgueux (Périgueux, France)

Konsolsteine Potsdam-Mangerstr25.jpg|Gothic Revival corbel supported balcony in Potsdam (Germany)

5, Strada Mămulari, Bucharest (Romania) 4.jpg|Romanian Revival corbels of house no. 5 on Strada Mămulari in Bucharest (Romania)

Rue des Saints-Pères Lions ornaments on an eclectic building, 28 April 2015.jpg|19th century Eclectic Classicist corbels on Rue des Saints-Pères (Paris)

Lambot console Jubilé 1.JPG|Art Nouveau corbel in Brussels (Belgium)

{{parapet_parts.svg}}

• Atlas (architecture)
• Dentil
• Eaves
• Fireplace mantel
• Modillion
• Muqarnas

{{NoteFoot}}

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{EB1911|wstitle=Corbel|volume=7|page=136}}
• [http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/ The CRSBI (Corpus of ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE in Britain and Ireland) website has many examples of carved Norman corbels]
• {{cite book

| last = Curl

| first = James Stevens

| title = A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture

| year = 2006

| url =https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofarch00curl_0

| url-access = registration

| type = Paperback

| edition = Second

| publisher = Oxford University Press

| isbn = 0-19-860678-8

| pages = [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofarch00curl_0/page/880 880] pages

}}

{{refend}}

{{Commons category}}

• [http://www.beyond-the-pale.org.uk Beyond-the-pale]—A discursive and richly-illustrated website showing corbels on hundreds of churches in the British Isles, France and Spain, depicting the sins of the flesh and their punishment
• [http://www.builderbill-diy-help.com/masonry-glossary.html An Illustrated Masonry Glossary]

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Category:Architectural elements

Category:Fortification (architectural elements)

Category:Garden features

Category:Ornaments (architecture)

Category:Scottish baronial architecture

Category:Traditional East Asian architecture