cowcatcher

{{short description|Device at the front of a locomotive to deflect an obstacle from the track}}

A cowcatcher, also known as a pilot, is the device mounted at the front of a locomotive to deflect obstacles on the track that might otherwise damage or derail it or the train.

In the UK, small metal bars called life-guards, rail guards or guard irons are provided immediately in front of the wheels. They knock away smaller obstacles lying directly on the running surface of the railhead. Historically, fenced-off railway systems in Europe relied exclusively on those devices and cowcatchers were not required, but in modern systems cowcatchers have generally superseded them.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Instead of a cowcatcher, trams use a device called a fender. Objects lying on the tram track come in contact with a sensor bracket, which triggers the lowering of a basket-shaped device to the ground, preventing the overrunning of the obstacles and dragging them along the road surface in front of the wheels.

In snowy areas the cowcatcher also has the function of a snowplough.

Invention

An idea for a cowcatcher was proposed by Charles Babbage in 1830, during his period of working for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.{{cite book |last = Hyman |first = Anthony |author-link=R. Anthony Hyman|title=Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer|publisher=Oxford University Press|year = 1982 |isbn = 0-19-858170-X |pages = 142f | quote = Babbage suggested to Hodgson of the railway company what was later to be called a 'cow-catcher' for sweeping obstacles off the line.}} However, Babbage's invention was not constructed, and it is uncertain whether later manufacturers were aware of Babbage's idea.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

The first practical cowcatcher is widely credited to Isaac Dripps, who fitted one to the John Bull (locomotive) in 1833,{{cite book |last= White |first= John |author-link= |date= 1979|title= A History of the American Locomotive |location = Garden City, NY | publisher= Dover Publications |page= 211, 265 |isbn=9780486238180 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1A4iiGAz628C | access-date = }} shortly after steam haulage commenced on the Camden and Amboy Railroad.{{cn|date=April 2025}} His design is described and illustrated in David Stevenson's book Sketch of the Civil Engineering of North America, published in 1838.{{full|date=April 2025}}

Design

File:Old Timers at the Lake Superior Railroad Museum, Duluth MN.jpg, Duluth, Minnesota]]

On a mainline locomotive, the cowcatcher has to successfully deflect an obstacle hit at speed. The design principle is to push the object upwards and sideways out of the way and not to lift the locomotive on impact.

The typical shape is a blunt wedge with a shallow V-shape in plan. In the later days of steam locomotives, the front coupler was designed to swing out of the way also, so it could not get caught up; this was called a 'drop coupler pilot'.

Early on, cowcatchers were normally fabricated of bars mounted on a frame; later on, sheet metal cowcatchers were often used for their additional smoothness, and some cast steel cowcatchers were employed for their mass and smooth shape. Early diesel locomotives followed the same plan.

Cowcatchers on early switcher locomotives in the US often had steps (called "footboard pilots") to allow yard workers to ride with the locomotive. In some countries, footboard pilots are outlawed for safety reasons, and have been removed. Modern locomotives often have front and rear platforms with safety rails, or deeply recessed steps, where workers can ride.

Modern cowcatchers

Most modern European rail vehicles must have cowcatchers with a snowplough function and rail guards. The required strength of the system is {{convert|30|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} in the middle of the track and {{convert|50|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} near the rails.{{cite web |title=§ 41 Bahnräumer und Schienenräumer |url=http://www.buzer.de/gesetz/5894/a81357.htm |work=Verordnung über den Bau und Betrieb der Straßenbahnen (Straßenbahn-Bau- und Betriebsordnung - BOStrab). |language = de |date=2008-11-07 |access-date=2009-03-29}}

Modern US diesel locomotives have flatter, less wedge-shaped cowcatchers, because a diesel locomotive has the cab near the front, and the crew are vulnerable to impact from obstacles pushed up by the cowcatcher.

Anti-climbers

File:Indian Pacific train hauled by locomotive NR28 in new 2005 livery.jpg diesel locomotive]]

To protect the crew and passengers, most modern locomotives have a horizontally grooved steel beam known as an anti-climber fitted across the front, above the coupler. Its purpose is to prevent colliding locomotives from riding up and moving over the locomotive frame through the cab.

cowcatcher

Invention

Design

Modern cowcatchers

Anti-climbers

See also

References

Further reading