cridanimod
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{{Infobox drug
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| INN = Cridanimod
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| width = 175px
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| CAS_number = 38609-97-1
| PubChem = 38072
| UNII = X91E9EME19
| DrugBank = DB13674
| ChemSpiderID = 34903
| ChEBI = 136036
| ChEMBL = 1569545
| KEGG = D10507
| IUPAC_name = 2-(9-Oxoacridin-10-yl)acetic acid
| C = 15 | H = 11 | N = 1 | O = 3
| smiles = C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3N2CC(=O)O
| StdInChI=1S/C15H11NO3/c17-14(18)9-16-12-7-3-1-5-10(12)15(19)11-6-2-4-8-13(11)16/h1-8H,9H2,(H,17,18)
| StdInChIKey = UOMKBIIXHQIERR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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Cridanimod, also known as cycloferon or meglumine acridone acetate,{{cite journal | vauthors = Plotnikova MA, Klotchenko SA, Kiselev AA, Gorshkov AN, Shurygina AS, Vasilyev KA, Uciechowska-Kaczmarzyk U, Samsonov SA, Kovalenko AL, Vasin AV | title = Meglumine acridone acetate, the ionic salt of CMA and N-methylglucamine, induces apoptosis in human PBMCs via the mitochondrial pathway | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 18240 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31796757 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-54208-9 | pmc = 6890692 | bibcode = 2019NatSR...918240P }} is a low molecular weight immunomodulatory drug known to trigger the production of interferons, which are proteins that play a crucial role in the immune response against viral infections. It is primarily used in the treatment and prevention of various viral infections, including influenza and acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI), as well as in managing conditions such as HIV and herpes infections.
Mechanism of action
Cridanimod functions as an inducer of endogenous interferons, particularly types 1 and 2, which are essential in the body's defense against viral pathogens. By stimulating the production of these interferons, cridanimod enhances the immune system's ability to combat viral infections and reduce the severity and duration of symptoms.{{cite journal | vauthors = Romantsov MG, Ershov FI, Kovalenko AL, Belova OG | title = [The therapeutic efficacy of cycloferon and the pharmacological activity of interferon inducers] | journal = Terapevticheskii Arkhiv | volume = 86 | issue = 1 | pages = 83–88 | date = 2014 | pmid = 24754075 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24754075 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Alimbarova L | title = [The Use of Cycloferon for the Treatment and Prevention of Influenza and Acute Respiratory Viral Infections] | journal = Klinicheskaia Meditsina | volume = 93 | issue = 3 | pages = 57–63 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26168605 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26168605 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Sologub TV, Shul'diakov AA, Romantsov MG, Zhekalov AN, Petlenko SV, Erofeeva MK, Maksakova VL, Isakov VA, Zarubaev VV, Gatsan VV, Kovalenko AL | title = [Cycloferon, as an agent in the therapy and urgent prophylaxis of influenza and acute respiratory tract viral infection (multicentre randomized controlled comparative study)] | journal = Antibiotiki I Khimioterapiia = Antibiotics and Chemoterapy [Sic] | volume = 54 | issue = 7–8 | pages = 30–32, 34–36 | date = 2009 | pmid = 20201401 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20201401 }}
Clinical efficacy
Several studies have demonstrated the clinical efficacy of cridanimod in treating viral infections. In the context of respiratory infections, cridanimod has been shown to significantly reduce the duration and intensity of symptoms such as fever and to decrease the incidence of complications like pneumonia. In a systematic review and meta-analysis, cridanimod was found to increase the chances of recovery and reduce the frequency of recurrent exacerbations in otorhinolaryngologic diseases by 25%.{{cite journal | vauthors = Mazina NK, Mazin PV, Khafisianova RK | title = [Cycloferon efficacy in treatment of upper respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis] | journal = Vestnik Otorinolaringologii | volume = 84 | issue = 3 | pages = 82–88 | date = 2019 | pmid = 31486434 | doi = 10.17116/otorino20198403182 }} Additionally, its use in children and adults with viral respiratory diseases has been associated with a more than five-fold increase in the probability of avoiding severe disease outcomes.{{cite journal | vauthors = Mazina NK, Sheshunov IV, Mazin PV, Mazin VP, Kovalenko AL, Zaplutanov VA | title = [Clinical efficacy of the immunomodulatory agent cycloferon (tablets) in viral respiratory infections: Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis] | language = ru | journal = Terapevticheskii Arkhiv | volume = 89 | issue = 11 | pages = 84–92 | date = 2017-11-15 | pmid = 29260751 | doi = 10.17116/terarkh2017891184-92 | doi-access = free }}
Applications in other infections
Beyond respiratory infections, cridanimod has been used effectively in the treatment of HIV and herpes infections. Studies indicate that cycloferon can provide more than a three-fold increase in achieving stable remission and reducing exacerbation frequency compared to basic therapies.{{cite journal | vauthors = Mazina N, Mazin P, Kovalenko A | title = [Clinical Efficiency of Cycloferon in Children and Adults With HIV and/ or Herpes Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis] | journal = Georgian Medical News | issue = 282 | pages = 121–129 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 30358555 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30358555/ }} It has also been utilized in managing virus-associated inflammatory gynecologic diseases, with a reported clinical efficacy of 79%.{{cite journal | vauthors = Ospel'nikova TP, Grigorian SS, Evseev AA, Besaeva TP, Denisova EN, Kovalenko AL, Ershov FI | title = [Effectiveness of cycloferon in treating virus-associated inflammatory gynecologic diseases] | journal = Voprosy Virusologii | volume = 44 | issue = 3 | pages = 130–133 | date = 1999 | pmid = 10392438 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10392438 }}