cut point

{{Short description|Point of a connected topological space, without which it becomes disconnected}}

In topology, a cut-point is a point of a connected space such that its removal causes the resulting space to be disconnected. If removal of a point doesn't result in disconnected spaces, this point is called a non-cut point.

For example, every point of a line is a cut-point, while no point of a circle is a cut-point.

Cut-points are useful to determine whether two connected spaces are homeomorphic by counting the number of cut-points in each space. If two spaces have different number of cut-points, they are not homeomorphic. A classic example is using cut-points to show that lines and circles are not homeomorphic.

Cut-points are also useful in the characterization of topological continua, a class of spaces which combine the properties of compactness and connectedness and include many familiar spaces such as the unit interval, the circle, and the torus.

Definition

= Formal definitions =

File:Cut-point line and circle.png

A point $p$ of a connected topological space $X$ is called a cut point{{sfn|Willard|2004|loc=Definition 28.5}}{{sfn|Honari|Bahrampour|1999|loc=Definition 2.1}} of $X$ if $X\setminus\{p\}$ is not connected. A point $p$ of a connected space $X$ is called a non-cut point{{sfn|Willard|2004|loc=Definition 28.5}} of $X$ if $X\setminus\{p\}$ is connected.

Note that these two notions only make sense if the space $X$ is connected to start with. Also, for a space to have a cut point, the space must have at least three points, because removing a point from a space with one or two elements always leaves a connected space.

A non-empty connected topological space X is called a cut-point space{{sfn|Honari|Bahrampour|1999|loc=Definition 2.1}} if every point in X is a cut point of X.

=Basic examples=

A closed interval [a,b] has infinitely many cut points. All points except for its endpoints are cut points and the endpoints {a,b} are non-cut points.
An open interval (a,b) has infinitely many cut points, like closed intervals. Since open intervals don't have endpoints, it has no non-cut point.
A circle has no cut point. Every point of a circle is a non-cut point.

=Notations=

A cutting of X is a set {p,U,V} where p is a cut-point of X, U and V form a separation of X-{p}.
Also can be written as X\{p}=U|V.

Theorems

= Cut-points and homeomorphisms =

Cut-points are not necessarily preserved under continuous functions. For example: f: [0, 2{{pi}}] → R², given by f(x) = (cos x, sin x). Every point of the interval (except the two endpoints) is a cut-point, but f(x) forms a circle which has no cut-points.
Cut-points are preserved under homeomorphisms. Therefore, cut-point is a topological invariant.

= Cut-points and continua =

Every continuum (compact connected Hausdorff space) with more than one point, has at least two non-cut points. Specifically, each open set which forms a separation of resulting space contains at least one non-cut point.
Every continuum with exactly two noncut-points is homeomorphic to the unit interval.
If K is a continuum with points a,b and K-{a,b} isn't connected, K is homeomorphic to the unit circle.

= Topological properties of cut-point spaces =

Let X be a connected space and x be a cut point in X such that X\{x}=A|B. Then {x} is either open or closed. if {x} is open, A and B are closed. If {x} is closed, A and B are open.
Let X be a cut-point space. The set of closed points of X is infinite.

Irreducible cut-point spaces

= Definitions =

A cut-point space is irreducible if no proper subset of it is a cut-point space.

The Khalimsky line: Let $\mathbb{Z}$ be the set of the integers and $B=\{ \{2i-1,2i,2i+1\} : i \in \mathbb{Z} \} \cup \{ \{2i+1\} : i \in \mathbb{Z}\}$ where $B$ is a basis for a topology on $\mathbb{Z}$ . The Khalimsky line is the set $\mathbb{Z}$ endowed with this topology. It's a cut-point space. Moreover, it's irreducible.

= Theorem =

A topological space $X$ is an irreducible cut-point space if and only if X is homeomorphic to the Khalimsky line.

Notes

References

{{citation|last=Hatcher|first=Allen|title=Notes on introductory point-set topology|pages=20–21}}
{{cite journal |last1=Honari |first1=B. |last2=Bahrampour |first2=Y. |title=Cut-point spaces |journal=Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society |date=1999 |volume=127 |issue=9 |pages=2797–2803 |url=https://www.ams.org/journals/proc/1999-127-09/S0002-9939-99-04839-X/S0002-9939-99-04839-X.pdf |doi=10.1090/s0002-9939-99-04839-x |doi-access=free}}
{{Willard General Topology}}

Category:General topology