dark flow
{{Short description|Controversial hypothesis in astrophysics}}
{{Distinguish|dark energy|dark fluid|dark matter|dark wave}}
{{Physical cosmology|cTopic=Components}}
In astrophysics, dark flow is a controversial hypothesis to explain certain non-random measurements of peculiar velocity of galaxy clusters. The actual measured velocity is the sum of the velocity predicted by Hubble's law plus a possible small velocity flowing in a common direction. Very large scale correlated flow, called bulk flow, is proposed in this model to be related to certain models of inflationary cosmology.
According to standard cosmological models, the motion of galaxy clusters with respect to the cosmic microwave background should be randomly distributed in all directions. However, analyzing the three-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) data using the kinematic Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect, a team of astronomers led by Alexander Kashlinsky found evidence of a "surprisingly coherent" 600–1000 km/s flow of clusters toward a 20-degree patch of sky between the constellations of Centaurus and Vela.
The researchers had suggested that the motion may be a remnant of the influence of no-longer-visible regions of the universe prior to inflation. Telescopes cannot see events earlier than about 380,000 years after the Big Bang, when the universe became transparent (the cosmic microwave background); this corresponds to the particle horizon at a distance of about 46 billion (4.6×10{{sup|10}}) light years. Since the matter causing the net motion in this proposal is outside this range, it would in a certain sense be outside our visible universe; however, it would still be in our past light cone.
The results appeared in the October 20, 2008, issue of Astrophysical Journal Letters.{{cite journal
|author1=A. Kashlinsky |author2=Fernando Atrio-Barandela |author3=D. Kocevski |author4=H. Ebeling | title = A measurement of large-scale peculiar velocities of clusters of galaxies: results and cosmological implications
| journal = Astrophys. J.
| volume = 686
|issue=2 | year = 2008
| pages = 49–52
| doi = 10.1086/592947
| url = https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/592947/fulltext/23074.text.html
| access-date = 2010-07-15|bibcode = 2008ApJ...686L..49K |arxiv = 0809.3734 |citeseerx=10.1.1.1013.233 |s2cid=16335692 }}{{cite journal |author1=A. Kashlinsky |author2=Fernando Atrio-Barandela |author3=D. Kocevski |author4=H. Ebeling |title=A measurement of large-scale peculiar velocities of clusters of galaxies: technical details |journal=Astrophys. J. |volume=691 |issue=2 |year=2009 |pages=1479–1493 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/pdf/276175main_ApJ_inpress.pdf |access-date=2010-07-15 |bibcode=2009ApJ...691.1479K |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/691/2/1479 |arxiv=0809.3733 |s2cid=11185723 |archive-date=2018-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123000950/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/pdf/276175main_ApJ_inpress.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{cite press release| url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2008/dark_flow.html | title=Scientists Detect Cosmic 'Dark Flow' Across Billions of Light Years |publisher=Goddard Space Center (Nasa.gov) |date=2008-09-23 |access-date=2012-11-11}}{{cite press release| url=http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/info/press-releases/Ebeling_CosmicFlow.html | title=Galaxy Clusters Trace Huge Cosmic Flow |publisher=University of Hawai`i (Ifa.hawaii.edu) |date=2008-09-24 |access-date=2012-11-11}}
In 2013, data from the Planck space telescope showed no evidence of "dark flow" on that sort of scale, discounting the claims of evidence for either gravitational effects reaching beyond the visible universe or existence of a multiverse. However, in 2015 Atrio-Barandela et al. claim to have found support for its existence using both Planck and WMAP data.{{cite journal
|author1=Atrio-Barandela, Fernando |author2=Kashlinsky, A. |author3=Ebeling, H. |author4=Fixsen, D. J. |author5=Kocevski, D. | title = Probing the Dark Flow Signal in WMAP 9 -Year and Planck Cosmic Microwave Background Maps
| journal = Astrophys. J.
| volume = 810
| year = 2015
| issue = 2
|pages=143 | doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/143
|bibcode = 2015ApJ...810..143A |arxiv = 1411.4180 |s2cid=119257373 }} The paper stated that a more complete analysis was in preparation to exploit the full Planck cluster sample to further build evidence; however, the team have published no further papers on the topic.
Location
File:2MASS LSS chart-NEW Nasa.jpg
The dark flow was determined to be flowing in the direction of the Centaurus and Hydra constellations.NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (March 11, 2010). [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100310162829.htm "Mysterious cosmic 'dark flow' tracked deeper into universe"]. ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2010-09-28.{{Primary source inline|date=August 2013}} This corresponds with the direction of the Great Attractor, which is a gravitational mystery originally discovered in 1973. However, the source of the Great Attractor's attraction was thought to originate from a massive cluster of galaxies called the Norma Cluster, located about 250 million light-years away from Earth.
In a study from March 2010, Kashlinsky extended his work from 2008, by using the 5-year WMAP results rather than the 3-year results, and doubling the number of galaxy clusters observed from 700. The team also sorted the cluster catalog into four "slices" representing different distance ranges. They then examined the preferred flow direction for the clusters within each slice. The report concluded that while the size and exact position of this direction display some variation, the overall trends among the slices exhibit remarkable agreement. "We detect motion along this axis, but right now our data cannot state as strongly as we'd like whether the clusters are coming or going," Kashlinsky said.{{cite web |title=Mysterious Cosmic 'Dark Flow' Tracked Deeper into Universe |author1=Reddy, Francis |author2=Chandler, Lynn |publisher=Goddard Space Flight Center |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/releases/2010/10-023.html |date=10 March 2010 |access-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516142800/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/releases/2010/10-023.html |archive-date=16 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}
The team has so far catalogued the effect as far out as 2.5 billion light-years, and hopes to expand its catalog out further still to twice the current distance.
Criticisms
Astrophysicist Ned Wright posted an online response to the study arguing that its methods are flawed.{{cite web| url=http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/dark-flow-errors.html |title=Archived item in Ned Wright's News of the Universe |publisher=Astro.ucla.edu |date=2008-09-24 |access-date=2012-11-11}} The original authors released a statement in return, claiming that the criticism is largely invalid.{{cite web|url=http://www.kashlinsky.info/bulkflows/Wright_is_wrong |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802235314/http://www.kashlinsky.info/bulkflows/Wright_is_wrong |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-08-02 |title=Refutation of Wright's remarks |publisher=Kashlinsky.info |date=2008-09-29 |access-date=2012-11-11 }}
A more recent statistical work done by Ryan Keisler{{Cite journal| arxiv=0910.4233|title=The Statistical Significance of the "Dark Flow" |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=707 |issue=1 |pages=L42–L44 |date=2009-10-22 |last1=Keisler |first1=Ryan |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/707/1/L42 |bibcode = 2009ApJ...707L..42K |s2cid=118640089 }} claims to rule out the possibility that the dark flow is a physical phenomenon because Kashlinsky et al. did not consider the primary anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) to be as important as they are.
Some have suggested that this could be the effect of a sibling universe or a region of space-time fundamentally different from the observable universe. Data on more than 1,000 galaxy clusters have been measured, including some as distant as 3 billion light-years. Alexander Kashlinsky claims these measurements show the universe's steady flow is clearly not a statistical fluke. Kashlinsky said: "At this point we don't have enough information to see what it is, or to constrain it. We can only say with certainty that somewhere very far away the world is very different than what we see locally. Whether it's 'another universe' or a different fabric of space-time we don't know."{{cite web |date=2010-03-18 |title=Mysterious 'Dark Flow' May Be Tug Of Other Universe |url=http://news.discovery.com/space/dark-flow-universe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726163912/http://news.discovery.com/space/dark-flow-universe.html |archive-date=2010-07-26 |access-date=2012-11-11 |publisher=News.discovery.com }} Laura Mersini-Houghton and Rich Holman observe that some anisotropy is predicted both by theories involving interaction with another universe, or when the frame of reference of the CMB does not coincide with that of the universe's expansion.{{cite web|url=http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress/?p=5966|title=A Tale of Two Oxford Talks – Not Even Wrong|work=columbia.edu}}
In 2013, data from the European Space Agency's Planck satellite was claimed to show no statistically significant evidence of existence of dark flow.{{cite journal|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23340-blow-for-dark-flow-in-plancks-new-view-of-the-cosmos.html|title=Blow for 'dark flow' in Planck's new view of the cosmos|date=3 April 2013|author=Maggie McKee|journal=New Scientist|issue=2911}}{{Cite journal |arxiv = 1303.5090|doi = 10.1051/0004-6361/201321299|title = Planckintermediate results|year = 2014|last1 = Ade|first1 = P. A. R.|last2 = Aghanim|first2 = N.|author2-link=Nabila Aghanim|last3 = Arnaud|first3 = M.|last4 = Ashdown|first4 = M.|last5 = Aumont|first5 = J.|last6 = Baccigalupi|first6 = C.|last7 = Balbi|first7 = A.|last8 = Banday|first8 = A. J.|last9 = Barreiro|first9 = R. B.|last10 = Battaner|first10 = E.|last11 = Benabed|first11 = K.|last12 = Benoit-Lévy|first12 = A.|last13 = Bernard|first13 = J.-P.|last14 = Bersanelli|first14 = M.|last15 = Bielewicz|first15 = P.|last16 = Bikmaev|first16 = I.|last17 = Bobin|first17 = J.|last18 = Bock|first18 = J. J.|last19 = Bonaldi|first19 = A.|last20 = Bond|first20 = J. R.|last21 = Borrill|first21 = J.|last22 = Bouchet|first22 = F. R.|last23 = Burigana|first23 = C.|last24 = Butler|first24 = R. C.|last25 = Cabella|first25 = P.|last26 = Cardoso|first26 = J.-F.|last27 = Catalano|first27 = A.|last28 = Chamballu|first28 = A.|last29 = Chiang|first29 = L.-Y|last30 = Chon|first30 = G.|journal = Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume = 561|pages = A97|s2cid = 2745526|display-authors = 29}} However, another analysis by a member of the Planck collaboration, Fernando Atrio-Barandela, suggested the data were consistent with the earlier findings from WMAP.{{Cite journal |arxiv=1303.6614 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201321579 |title=On the statistical significance of the bulk flow measured by the Plancksatellite |year=2013 |last1=Atrio-Barandela |first1=Fernando |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=557 |pages=A116 |bibcode=2013A&A...557A.116A |s2cid=119294989 }} Popular media continued to be interested in the idea, with Mersini-Houghton claiming the Planck results support existence of a multiverse.{{cite web|url=http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress/?p=5907|title=Hard Evidence for the Multiverse Found, but String Theory Limits the Space Brain Threat|access-date=19 December 2013|date=22 May 2013|author=Peter Woit}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01snlsw|title=Material World|publisher=BBC|work=Radio 4|date=3 June 2013|access-date=19 December 2013}}
See also
- {{annotated link|Great Attractor}}
- {{annotated link|Shapley Supercluster}}
- Virgocentric flow
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/080923-dark-flows.html Mysterious New 'Dark Flow' Discovered in Space] Space.com
- [https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14098-hints-of-structure-beyond-the-visible-universe.html Hints of structure beyond the visible universe] New Scientist, 10 June 2008
- [http://sciencenews.org/index/generic/activity/view/id/36959/title/Galaxies_on_the_move Galaxies on the move: Scientists detect a mysterious flow of galactic clusters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610075051/http://sciencenews.org/index/generic/activity/view/id/36959/title/Galaxies_on_the_move |date=2011-06-10 }} Science News, Vol.174, p. 12, Oct. 25, 2008.
- [https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126921.900-dark-flow-proof-of-another-universe.html?full=true&print=true Dark flow: Proof of another universe?] New Scientist, 23 January 2009
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20100325022346/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/03/100322-dark-flow-matter-outside-universe-multiverse New Proof Unknown Structures Tug at Our Universe], National Geographic, 22 March 2010
- [https://arxiv.org/abs/1010.4276v1 The peculiar velocity field: constraining the tilt of the Universe]
- Tsagas, C.G. (2011) [http://www.astro.auth.gr/~tsagas/Publications/Journals/PRD/PRD14.pdf "Peculiar motions, accelerated expansion, and the cosmological axis"] Physical Review D 84:063503