daryal radar
{{Short description|Soviet and Russian early warning radar}}
{{Infobox radar
|name = Daryal
|image = Pechora-pan-cropped.jpg
|caption = Daryal radar in Pechora
|country = Soviet Union, Russia
|introdate = 1984
|number = 8 planned, 2 operational
|type = Early-warning radar
|frequency = 150–200{{space}}MHz (VHF)
|PRF =
|beamwidth =
|pulsewidth=
|range = Around {{convert|6000|km|mi|0}}{{r|"ru-arms-ency-5"|page1=74}}
|diameter = Transmitter 30×40{{space}}m
Receiver 80×80{{space}}m
separated by 0.5–1.5 km
|azimuth = 90°{{r|"ru-arms-ency-5"|page1=74}}
|elevation = 40°{{r|"ru-arms-ency-5"|page1=74}}
|precision =
|power =
|other names= NATO: Pechora
GRAU: 5N79, 90N6.
}}
The Daryal-type radar ({{Langx|ru|Дарьял}}) (NATO: Pechora) is a Soviet bistatic early-warning radar. It consists of two separate large active phased-array antennas separated by around {{convert|500|m|ft|0}} to {{convert|1.5|km|ft|0}}. The transmitter array is {{convert|30|x|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} and the receiver is {{convert|80|x|80|m|ft|abbr=on}} in size. The system is a VHF system operating at a wavelength of 1.5 to 2 meters (150 to 200 MHz). Its initial transmit capacity was 50 MW with a target capacity of 350 MW.{{Failed verification|date=February 2014}}
The designer of the radars, RTI Mints, says that each Daryal receiver is 100 × 100{{space}}m and has 4,000 cross dipoles. Each transmitter is 40 × 40{{space}}m with 1,260 modules, each capable of 300 kW. They say the radar has a range of 6,000 km with targets between 0.1 and 0.12{{space}}m{{sup|2}}.{{r|"ru-arms-ency-5"|page1=74}} It can track 20 objects at the same time and can cope with four jamming sources.{{r|"ru-arms-ency-5"|page1=74}} The designer, Viktor Ivantsov, was awarded the title "Hero of Labour" for his work on the Daryal.
The first Daryal type radar was an active electronically scanned array built at Olenegorsk in 1977. It was the receiver building only and was called a Daugava rather than a Daryal. It used the transmitter of the adjacent Dnestr-M radar. Following this two Daryal radars were constructed in Pechora (1983) and Qabala (1985). New Daryal-U radars were planned for Balkhash-9 near Sary Shagan in Kazakhstan, Mishelevka near Irkutsk and Yeniseysk-15 near Krasnoyarsk in Siberia. Two Daryal-UM systems were to be constructed in Skrunda, Latvia, and Mukachevo, Ukraine.
Originally, at least seven Daryal facilities were planned, however, only the first two facilities completed, named Pechora and Gabala, were ever operational.
The American Clinton administration offered financial assistance in completing the Mishelevka facility in exchange for amending the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty to allow US deployment of a national missile defense system. Russia rejected this proposal and in 2002 the US unilaterally withdrew from the ABM treaty. The Mukachevo one in Ukraine was never completed after the fall of the Soviet Union and the Skrunda facility was demolished by a newly independent Latvia, arranged by the US Department of Defence. The Yeniseysk (Krasnoyarsk) Daryal-U site caused concern in the West over compliance with the ABM Treaty during its construction in the 1980s. Article VI(b) requires radars to be on the periphery of national territory and to face outwards whereas the Yeniseysk radar faced over Siberia. Following negotiations, in September 1989 the Soviets admitted it was a violation of the treaty, construction ceased and the facility was eventually dismantled.
Variants
The prototype Daryal receiver is called a Daugava (5U83) and works with a Dnestr-M transmitter. It is half the size of the Daryal receivers but has the same equipment and computer systems.
The original Daryal (5N79) was improved by revisions Daryal-U (90N6) and Daryal-UM. A Daryal-U had half the transmitters of a Daryal. The Volga radar (70M6) is a Daryal-like radar operating on a decimeter wavelength (UHF) rather than the meter wavelength (VHF) of the Daryal. It was originally planned that there would be a number of these to complement the Daryal. The only Volga built is the one at Baranavichy which originally started in 1982, stopped in the early 1990s, restarted in 1999 and became operational in 2003.
File:Daryal Pechora radar concept.jpg|A US military artist's concept of a Daryal facility - transmitter on the left, receiver on the right
File:Daryal radars planned.png|Planned and operational Daryal radars
File:Mukacheve Daryal-UM LPAR 02.jpg|Ruin of Daryal-UM radar at Mukachevo Radar Station, Ukraine (2003)
Locations
| class="wikitable" | ||||||||
| align=center
! Designation !! Location !! Coordinates !! Azimuth !! Type !! Built !! Details | ||||||||
| RO-1 | Olenegorsk-1, Olenegorsk, Kola Peninsula, Russia | {{coord|68|6|59.63|N|33|55|8.69|E|name=Olenegorsk Daugava radar|display=inline}} receiver | 308° | Daugava | 1975–1977 | Uses the Dnestr-M radar as transmitter. Operational. | ||
| RO-2 | Skrunda-1, Latvia | {{coord|56|43|40.92|N|21|58|58.10|E|name=Skrunda Daryal radar receiver|display=inline}} receiver | 308° | Daryal-UM | 1986–1991 | Demolished 1995. | ||
| - | Hantsavichy Radar Station (often listed as Baranavichy), Kleck-2, Belarus | {{coord|52|49|59.95|N|26|28|31.83|E|name=Hantsavichy Volga radar transmitter|display=inline}} transmitter {{coord|52|51|41.98|N|26|28|2.88|E | name=Hantsavichy Volga radar receiver|display=inline}} receiver | 262.5° | Volga | 1986–2003 | In operation. | |
| RO-5 | Mukachevo Radar Station, Ukraine | {{coord|48|23|6.56|N|22|48|1.72|E|name=Mukachevo Daryal radar transmitter|display=inline}} transmitter {{coord|48|23|18.41|N|22|47|37.71|E|name=Mukachevo Daryal radar receiver|display=inline}} receiver | 218° | Daryal-UM | 1986–1991 | Demolished 2011. | ||
| RO-7 | Gabala Radar Station, Qabala, Azerbaijan | {{coord|40|52|16.62|N|47|48|32.25|E|name=Gabala Daryal radar transmitter|display=inline}} transmitter {{coord|40|52|4.54|N|47|47|44.60|E | name=Gabala Daryal radar receiver|display=inline}} receiver | 162° | Daryal | 1977–1985 | Halted in 2012. | |
| RO-30 | Pechora Radar Station, Pechora, Komi Republic, Russia | {{coord|65|12|36.59|N|57|17|43.38|E|name=Pechora Daryal radar transmitter|display=inline}} transmitter {{coord|65|12|36.55|N|57|16|34.68|E | name=Pechora Daryal radar receiver|display=inline}} receiver | 2° (estimated) | Daryal | 1975–1984 | In operation. | |
| OS-1 | Mishelevka Radar Station, Usolye-Sibirskoye, Irkutsk, Russia | {{coord|52|51|20.11|N|103|13|53.94|E|name=Mishelevka Daryal radar transmitter|display=inline}} transmitter {{coord|52|51|42.02|N|103|14|20.49|E|name=Mishelevka Daryal radar receiver|display=inline}} receiver | 135° | Daryal-U | 1979–1984 | Demolished 2011. Replaced by a Voronezh radar. | ||
| OS-2 | Balkhash Radar Station, Sary Shagan, Kazakhstan | {{coord|46|35|19.48|N|74|27|59.19|E | name=Balkhash Daryal radar transmitter|display=inline}} transmitter {{coord|46|36|2.70|N|74|29|51.67|E|name=Balkhash Daryal radar receiver|display=inline}} receiver | 152° (estimated) | Daryal-U | 1984–1992 | Receiver destroyed by fire 2004, ruined 2010. | |
| OS-3 | Yeniseysk-15, Krasnoyarsk, Russia | {{coord|57|52|5.67|N|93|7|7.26|E | name=Yeniseysk Daryal radar transmitter|display=inline}} transmitter {{coord|57|52|24.22|N|93|6|28.09|E | name=Yeniseysk Daryal radar receiver|display=inline}} receiver | 40° (estimated) | Daryal-U | 1983–1987 | Halted in 1989 and dismantled. |
References
{{GeoGroupTemplate|section=Locations}}
{{Commons category|Daryal radar}}
{{reflist|2|colwidth=33em|refs=
| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/daryal.htm
| title = Pechora LPAR - Daryal
| access-date = 2011-12-22
| date = n.d.
| publisher = GlobalSecurity.org
| archive-date = 2011-12-04
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111204065106/http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/daryal.htm
| url-status = live
}}
|url=http://www.rti-mints.ru/drlo.htm
|script-title=ru:Мощные РЛС дальнего обнаружения РЛС СПРН и СККП
|trans-title=Powerful radar early warning system and space surveillance
|language=ru
|access-date=2012-01-30
|date=n.d.
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230061726/http://www.rti-mints.ru/drlo.htm
|archive-date=2012-12-30
|url-status=dead
|publisher=RTI Mints
}}
|url=http://www.rti-mints.ru/istoriya.htm
|script-title=ru:История РТИ
|trans-title=History of RTI
|access-date=2012-01-07
|date=n.d.
|language=ru
|publisher=RTI Mints
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108162926/http://www.rti-mints.ru/istoriya.htm
|archive-date=2012-01-08
|url-status=dead
}}
| first = Pavel
| last = Podvig
| year = 2002
| title = History and the Current Status of the Russian Early-Warning System
| journal = Science and Global Security
| volume = 10
| issue = 1
| pages = 21–60
| issn = 0892-9882
| doi = 10.1080/08929880212328
| bibcode = 2002S&GS...10...21P
| url = http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20734/Podvig-S&GS.pdf
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315024323/http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20734/Podvig-S%26GS.pdf
| archive-date = 2012-03-15
| citeseerx = 10.1.1.692.6127
| s2cid = 122901563
}}
| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/mishelevka.htm
| title = Mishelevka
| access-date = 2011-12-22
| date = n.d.
| publisher = GlobalSecurity.org
| archive-date = 2012-07-06
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120706101925/http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/mishelevka.htm
| url-status = live
}}
|url=http://www.controlled-demolition.com/lpar-facility
|title=LPAR facility
|access-date=2011-12-23
|publisher=Controlled Demolition, Inc.
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014052954/http://www.controlled-demolition.com/lpar-facility
|archive-date=2012-10-14
|url-status=live
}}
| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/yeniseysk.htm
| title = Yeniseysk (Krasnoyarsk)
| access-date = 2011-12-22
| date = n.d.
| publisher = GlobalSecurity.org
| archive-date = 2012-05-23
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120523125946/http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/yeniseysk.htm
| url-status = live
}}
|url=http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Rus-ABM-Systems.html#mozTocId371125
|title=Russian/Soviet Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems
|access-date=2012-01-07
|first=Sean
|last=O'Connor
|year=2009
|pages=1
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202100705/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Rus-ABM-Systems.html
|archive-date=2012-12-02
|url-status=live
|publisher=Air Power Australia
}}
|url=http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/1dprn.htm
|title=1st Missile Attack Early Warning Division
|access-date=2012-01-07
|first=Michael
|last=Holm
|year=2011
|publisher=Soviet Armed Forces 1945-1991
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301211114/http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/1dprn.htm
|archive-date=2016-03-01
|url-status=live
}}
|url=http://russianforces.org/blog/2011/06/daryal-u_radar_in_mishelevka_d.shtml
|title=Daryal-U radar in Mishelevka demolished
|access-date=2012-01-30
|last=Podvig
|first=Pavel
|date=2011-06-21
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420181033/http://russianforces.org/blog/2011/06/daryal-u_radar_in_mishelevka_d.shtml
|archive-date=2013-04-20
|url-status=live
|journal=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces
}}
|url=http://safiullin.livejournal.com/710.html
|script-title=ru:Пожар на сооружении №2, 17 сентября 2004 года
|trans-title=Fire in building number 2, September 17, 2004
|access-date=2011-12-22
|first=Rakhim
|last=Safiullin
|language=ru
|date=2005-09-08
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426065439/http://safiullin.livejournal.com/710.html
|archive-date=2012-04-26
|url-status=live
}}
| title = Разрушение Красноярской РЛС [The destruction of the Krasnoyarsk radar]
| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZjjD5Hymw0
| access-date = 2011-12-23
| series = Ностальгия [Nostalgia]
| credits = Presenter: Игорь Воеводин [Igor Voevodin]
| network = Pravda
| airdate = 2011-03-21
| language = ru
| archive-date = 2011-11-12
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111112135034/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZjjD5Hymw0
| url-status = live
}}
| url = https://www.panoramio.com/photo/11679437
| script-title = ru:СПРН
| trans-title = SPRN (early warning)
| medium = photograph
| language = ru
| access-date = 2012-01-08
| author = Shko
| title = Panoramio is no longer available
| year = 2008
| archive-date = 2013-10-06
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131006025345/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/11679437
| url-status = live
}}
| url = https://www.panoramio.com/photo/58798723
| title = РЛС "Днестр" - "Днепр-М" (actually is Daugava left)
| trans-title = Radar Dnestr-Dnepr-M
| language = ru
| medium = photograph
| access-date = 2012-01-29
| author = SityShooter
| year = 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142918/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/58798723
| archive-date = 2015-09-24
| url-status = dead
}}
| url = https://www.panoramio.com/photo/5016191
| title = jenisseisk 15
| medium = photograph
| access-date = 2012-05-01
| author = josef s
| year = 2007
| archive-date = 2016-03-04
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080506/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/5016191
| url-status = live
}}
|url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/global/arms/treaties/abm/abm2.html
|title=TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS ON THE LIMITATION OF ANTI-BALLISTIC MISSILE SYSTEMS
|access-date=2012-01-21
|year=1972
|archive-date=2011-10-21
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021163936/http://1997-2001.state.gov/www/global/arms/treaties/abm/abm2.html
|url-status=live
}}
|first=A
|last=Karpenko
|year=1999
|title=ABM AND SPACE DEFENSE
|journal=Nevsky Bastion
|volume=4
|pages=2–47
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128063930/http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/program/soviet/990600-bmd-rus.htm
|archive-date=2013-01-28
|url-status=live
|url=http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/program/soviet/990600-bmd-rus.htm
}}
| last1 = Bukharin
| first1 = Oleg
| last2 = Kadyshev
| first2 = Timur
| last3 = Miasnikov
| first3 = Eugene
| last4 = Podvig
| first4 = Pavel
| last5 = Sutyagin
| first5 = Igor
| last6 = Tarashenko
| first6 = Maxim
| last7 = Zhelezov
| first7 = Boris
| editor1-last = Podvig
| editor1-first = Pavel
| title = Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces
| year = 2001
| isbn = 978-0-262-16202-9
| publisher = MIT Press
| location = Cambridge, Massachusetts
}}
|url=http://www.structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/cosmic/weapons/more.htm?id=10342862@morfMilitaryModel
|script-title=ru:Радиолокационная станция "Дарьял"
|trans-title=Radar Daryal
|access-date=2012-02-08
|language=ru
|publisher=Russian Ministry of Defence
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124074206/http://structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/cosmic/weapons/more.htm?id=10342862%40morfMilitaryModel
|archive-date=2013-01-24
|url-status=live
|date=n.d.
}}
| year = 2005
| script-title=ru:Стоит в Печоре монолит
| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-S9GoxQvP0
| format = Video
| language = ru
|trans-title=It is a monolith in Pechora
| publisher = Волна-плюс [Volna-Plus]
}}
| editor = Nikolai Spassky
| title = Encyclopedia "Russia's Arms and Technologies. The XXI Century Encyclopedia": Volume 5 — "Space weapons"
| year = 2002
| publisher = Publishing House "Arms and Technologies"
| location = Moscow
| language = en, ru
| isbn = 978-5-93799-010-5
}}
|url=http://novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/mag/2012/211/660/
|script-title=ru:"Воронеж" в сердце Азии
|trans-title=Voronezh at the heart of Asia
|access-date=2012-10-13
|last=Ilyin
|first=A
|language=ru
|date=June 2012
|publisher=Novosti Kosmonavtiki
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211734/http://novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/mag/2012/211/660/
|archive-date=2016-03-03
|url-status=dead
}}
| url = http://russianforces.org/blog/2012/12/russia_suspended_operations_of.shtml
| title = Russia suspended operations of the early-warning radar in Gabala
| access-date = 2015-01-14
| date = December 10, 2012
| journal = Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces
| archive-date = 2015-03-15
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150315044453/http://russianforces.org/blog/2012/12/russia_suspended_operations_of.shtml
| url-status = live
| last1 = Podvig
| first1 = Pavel
}}
}}
{{Russian and Soviet military designation sequences}}
{{Soviet Radar}}
Category:Soviet military radars