defoliant

A primary application of defoliants is the selective killing of plants. Two of the oldest chemical herbicides used as defoliants are 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T are absorbed by broad-leafed plants, killing them by causing excessive hormonal growth. These phenoxy herbicides were designed to selectively kill weeds and unwanted plants in croplands. They were first introduced at the beginning of World War II and became widespread in use in agriculture following the end of the War.

Defoliants have a practical use in the harvesting of certain crops, particularly cotton, in the United States as well as a number of other cotton-producing countries. The use of defoliants aids in the effective harvesting of cotton and finer lint quality.{{Cite journal|last1=Snipes|first1=Charles E.|last2=Cathey|first2=George W.|date=1992|title=Evaluation of defoliant mixtures in cotton|journal=Field Crops Research|volume=28|issue=4|pages=327–334|doi=10.1016/0378-4290(92)90018-5|bibcode=1992FCrRe..28..327S |issn=0378-4290}} The effectiveness of defoliant use in cotton harvesting depends on the type of defoliant(s) used, the number of applications, the amount applied, and environmental variables. Common harvest-aiding chemical defoliants include tribufos, dimethipin, and thidiazuron. According to a 1998 report by the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), tribufos and thidiazuron accounted for 60% of crop area that was treated by defoliants during that crop year.{{Cite journal|last1=Potter|first1=Thomas L.|last2=Marti|first2=Luz|last3=Belflower|first3=Sally|last4=Truman|first4=Clint C.|date=2000|title=Multiresidue Analysis of Cotton Defoliant, Herbicide, and Insecticide Residues in Water by Solid-Phase Extraction and GC−NPD, GC−MS, and HPLC−Diode Array Detection|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=48|issue=9|pages=4103–4108|doi=10.1021/jf9909104|pmid=10995322|bibcode=2000JAFC...48.4103P |issn=0021-8561}}NASS (1999). Agricultural Chemical Usage 1998 Field Crops Summary. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics and Economic Research Service. pg 141.

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In Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War, the Rainbow Herbicides were a group of tactical-use chemicals used by the United States military. The environmental destruction caused by this defoliation has been described by Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme, lawyers, historians and other academics as an ecocide.{{Cite book |last=Zierler |first=David |title=The invention of ecocide: agent orange, Vietnam, and the scientists who changed the way we think about the environment |date=2011 |publisher=Univ. of Georgia Press |isbn=978-0-8203-3827-9 |location=Athens, Ga.}}{{Cite web |date=2022-12-18 |title=How Imperative Is It To Consider Ecocide As An International Crime? |url=https://www.ijllr.com/post/how-imperative-is-it-to-consider-ecocide-as-an-international-crime |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=IJLLR |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last=Falk |first=Richard A. |date=1973 |title=Environmental Warfare and Ecocide — Facts, Appraisal, and Proposals |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44480206 |journal=Bulletin of Peace Proposals |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=80–96 |doi=10.1177/096701067300400105 |jstor=44480206 |issn=0007-5035|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite web |date=2022-02-17 |title=Industrial disasters from Bhopal to present day: why the proposal to make 'ecocide' an international offence is persuasive – The Leaflet |url=https://theleaflet.in/industrial-disasters-from-bhopal-to-present-day-why-the-proposal-to-make-ecocide-an-international-offence-is-persuasive/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=theleaflet.in |language=en-US}}{{Cite journal |last=Giovanni |first=Chiarini |date=2022-04-01 |title=Ecocide: From the Vietnam War to International Criminal Jurisdiction? Procedural Issues In-Between Environmental Science, Climate Change, and Law |ssrn=4072727 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4072727 |language=en}}

In 1998, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) concluded that the use of agricultural defoliants led to increased risks of water contamination and dangers to freshwater and marine life. High doses of tribufos were labeled as a possible carcinogen and a toxin to freshwater and marine invertebrates. Dimethipin has also been labeled as a possible human carcinogen.

A published study in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry reported that through successive surface runoff events in defoliated cotton fields, defoliant concentrations decreased exponentially within the test area and could negatively affect marine life in the runoff zones.

Agent Orange, a defoliant used by the United Kingdom during the Malayan Emergency in the 1950s and the United States during the Vietnam War to defoliate regions of Vietnam from 1961 to 1971,{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3798581.stm|title=Vietnam's war against Agent Orange|author=Tow Fawthrop|date=June 14, 2004|publisher=bbc.co.uk}}{{cite web|url=https://www.science20.com/news_articles/agent_orange_linked_skin_cancer_risk-128602|title=Agent Orange Linked To Skin Cancer Risk|work=Science 2.0|date=27 August 2014 |access-date=17 September 2014}} has been linked to several long-term health issues. Agent Orange contains a mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T as well as dioxin contaminants. Members of the Air Force Ranch Hand and the Army Chemical Corps who served in the Vietnam War were occupationally exposed to Agent Orange have a higher incidence of diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, and chronic respiratory diseases.{{Cite journal|last1=Kang|first1=Han K.|last2=Dalager|first2=Nancy A.|last3=Needham|first3=Larry L.|last4=Patterson|first4=Donald G.|last5=Lees|first5=Peter S.J.|last6=Yates|first6=Katherine|last7=Matanoski|first7=Genevieve M.|date=2006|title=Health status of Army Chemical Corps Vietnam veterans who sprayed defoliant in Vietnam|journal=American Journal of Industrial Medicine|language=en|volume=49|issue=11|pages=875–884|doi=10.1002/ajim.20385|pmid=17006952|issn=0271-3586}}

Among other occupations, farmers are at a significantly higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease due to a greater chance of defoliant exposure.{{Cite journal|last1=Tyas|first1=Suzanne L|last2=Manfreda|first2=Jure|last3=Strain|first3=Laurel A|last4=Montgomery|first4=Patrick R|date=2001|title=Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a population-based, longitudinal study in Manitoba, Canada|journal=International Journal of Epidemiology|language=en|volume=30|issue=3|pages=590–597|doi=10.1093/ije/30.3.590|pmid=11416089|issn=1464-3685|doi-access=free}}

• Rainbow Herbicides
• Crop destruction
• Index of environmental articles
• Dragon drone, foliage removal via thermite

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{{Commons category|Defoliants}}

• [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi138 Defoliants and Desiccants] by Frederick M Fishel, Pesticide Information Office, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida

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Category:Environmental science

Category:Environmental chemistry

Category:Soil science

Category:Herbicides

Category:Pesticides