design around
{{multiple image
| footer = Nintendo has a patent on a cross-shaped D-pad, forcing competitors to use circular shaped switches.{{cite web |last1=Stainer |first1=Hermann |title=Iconic Patents: The D-Pad |url=https://www.hermannstainer.com/en/index/iconic-patents-the-d-pad/ |website=www.hermannstainer.com |access-date=19 January 2024 |date=23 December 2017}}
| image1 = Nintendo-Famicom-Controller-I-FL.jpg
| alt1 = Nintendo Famicom controller, with D-pad having a cross shape
| caption1 = Nintendo Famicom controller, with D-pad on left side
| image2 = Sega master system d-pad.jpg
| alt2 = Close-up view of Master System D-pad, shaped like a rounded rectangle
| caption2 = Master System D-pad
}}
In the field of patents, the phrase "to design around" means to design or invent an alternative to a patented invention that does not infringe the patent's claims. The phrase can also refer to the alternative itself.
Design-arounds are considered to be one of the benefits of patent law. By providing monopoly rights to inventors in exchange for disclosing how to make and use their inventions, others are given both the information and incentive to invent competitive alternatives that design around the original patent.{{cite journal |url=http://works.bepress.com/katherine_strandburg/4 |last=Strandburg |first=Katherine |year=2004 |title=What Does the Public Get?: Experimental Use and the Patent Bargain |journal=Wisconsin Law Review |volume=2004 |page=6}} In the field of vaccines, for example, design-arounds are considered fairly easy. It is often possible to use the original patent as a guide for developing an alternative that does not infringe the original patent.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nc33ZS5nRa0C&pg=PA119 |last=Kremer |first=Michael |chapter=Creating Markets for New Vaccines –Part II: Design Issues |title=Innovation Policy and the Economy |volume=I |location=Cambridge |publisher=MIT Press |year=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/innovationpolicy00mitp/page/93 93] |isbn=0-262-60041-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/innovationpolicy00mitp/page/93}}
Design-arounds can be a defense against patent trolls. The amount of license fee that a patent troll can demand is limited by the alternative of the cost of designing around the troll's patent(s).{{cite journal |ssrn=991698 |last=Golden |first=John M. |title='Patent Trolls' and Patent Remedies |journal=Texas Law Review |volume=85 |pages=2111–2161 [p. 2130] |year=2007}}
In order to defend against design-arounds, inventors often develop a large portfolio of interlocking patents, sometimes called a patent thicket. Thus a competitor will have to avoid many patents when designing.{{cite book |last1=Rubinfeld |first1=Daniel L. |last2=Maness |first2=Robert |year=2005 |chapter=The Strategic Use of Patents: Implications for Antitrust |title=Antitrust, Patents and Copyright: EU and US Perspectives |editor1-last=Leveque |editor1-first=Francois |editor2-last=Shelanski |editor2-first=Howard |location=Northampton |publisher=Edward Elgar |pages=85–102 |chapter-url=http://www.law.berkeley.edu/faculty/rubinfeldd/Profile/publications/Strategic_Use_of_Patents.pdf |isbn=1-84542-603-7 |access-date=2011-07-25 |archive-date=2010-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714172558/http://www.law.berkeley.edu/faculty/rubinfeldd/Profile/publications/Strategic_Use_of_Patents.pdf |url-status=dead }}