design science

There has been recurrent concern to differentiate design from science. Nigel Cross differentiated between scientific design, design science and a science of design. A science of design (the scientific study of design) does not require or assume that the acts of designing are themselves scientific, and an increasing number of research programs take this view. To some extent the two uses of the term design science (systematic designing and the study of designing) have co-mingled to the point where there can be some confusion, and design science sometimes may be referred to either as meaning a science of design or design as a science.

Simon's The Sciences of the Artificial,Simon, Herbert A. The Sciences of the Artificial, MIT Press. first published in 1969, built on previous developments and motivated the further development of systematic and formalized design methodologies relevant to many design disciplines, for example architecture, engineering, urban planning, computer science, and management studies. Simon's ideas about the science of design also encouraged the development of design research and the scientific study of designing.

The design-science relationship continues to be debatedFarrell, R. and C. Hooker (2012)

'The Simon—Kroes model of technical artifacts and the distinction between science and design',

Design Studies, 33 (5) pp. 480-495

https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2012.05.001Galle, P. and P. Kroes (2014) 'Science and design. Identical twins?' Design Studies, 35 (3) pp. 201-231

https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2013.12.002 and there continue to be many efforts to reframe or reform design as science. For example, the axiomatic theory of design by Suh presents a domain independent theory that can explain or prescribe the design process. The Function-Behavior-Structure (FBS) ontology by Gero, presenting a domain independent ontology of design and designing, is another example. There have also been many domain-specific developments of design science, for example in architectural design,{{cite journal |last1=Aburamadan |first1=Rania |last2=Trillo |first2=Claudia |title=Applying design science approach to architectural design development |journal=Frontiers of Architectural Research |date=March 2020 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=216–235 |doi=10.1016/j.foar.2019.07.008 |doi-access=free }} product design{{cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Y. |last2=Gu |first2=P. |title=A science-based approach to product design theory Part I: formulation and formalization of design process |journal=Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing |date=August 1999 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=331–339 |doi=10.1016/S0736-5845(99)00028-9 }} and information systems design.{{cite book |last1=Aparicio |first1=J.T. |last2=Aparicio |first2=M. |last3=Costa |first3=C.J. |chapter=Design Science in Information Systems and Computing |editor1-last=Anwar |editor1-first=S. |editor2-last=Ullah |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Rocha |editor3-first=Á. |editor4-last=Sousa |editor4-first=M.J. |title=Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology and Applications |volume=614 |series=Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems |publisher=Springer, Singapore |year=2023 |doi=10.1007/978-981-19-9331-2_35}}

There has been a particular emphasis on design as a science within information systems. Hevner and Chatterjee provide a reference on design science research (DSR) in Information Systems, including a selection of papers from the DESRIST conferences, a look at key principles of DSR, and the integration of action research with design research. Vaishnavi and Kuechler offer a resource on design science research in information systems that outlines the origins and philosophical grounding for design science research, explains the design science methodology, and offers a bibliography of articles that discuss design science methods or offer exemplars of design science.Vaishnavi, V. and Kuechler, W. (2004/21). "Design Science Research in Information Systems" January 20, 2004; last updated November 21, 2021. URL: http://desrist.org/design-research-in-information-systems In 2010, 122 German professors promoted design science in information system research by signing a memorandum subsequently submitted in english to the European Journal of Information Systems. In the same issue the then Editor-in-Chief of the European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS) Rickard Baskerville, along with the then Editor-in-Chief of the Information Systems Research (ISR) Vallabh Sambamurthy, with the then Editor-in-Chief of Management Information Systems Quarterly (MISQ) Detmar Straub, and the former Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Association for Information Systems (JAIS) Kalle Lyytinen together authored a rebuttal to some of the claims made in the memorandum regarding bias against DSR.

Hevner et al. provide a set of seven guidelines which help information systems researchers conduct, evaluate and present design-science research. The seven guidelines address design as an artifact, problem relevance, design evaluation, research contributions, research rigor, design as a search process, and research communication.

Later extensions of the design science research approach detail how design and research problems can be rationally decomposed by means of nested problem solving. It is also explained how the regulative cycle (problem investigation, solution design, design validation, solution implementation, and implementation evaluation) fits in the framework. Peffers et al. developed a model for producing and presenting information systems research that they called the design science research process. The Peffers et al. model has been used extensively and Adams provides an example of the process model being applied to create a digital forensic process model.

• Citizen Design Science
• {{slink|Descriptive science#Descriptive versus design sciences}}
• Design methods
• Design research
• Design science research
• Design thinking

{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

{{cite web|author=Peffers|author2=Tuunanen, Gengler|author3=Rossi, Hui|author4=Virtanen, Bragge|title=The Design Science Research Process: A Model for Producing and Presenting Information Systems Research|publisher=springer|year=2006|url=http://6a.1b.7aae.static.theplanet.com/sites/default/files/documents/000designscresearchproc_desrist_2006.pdf}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}

{{cite book|author=Baldwin|author2=Clarke|title=Design Rules, Vol. 1: The Power of Modularity|publisher=MIT Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-262-02466-2}}

{{cite book|author=Banathy|title=Designing Social Systems in a Changing World|publisher=Plenum, New York|year=1996|isbn=978-0-306-45251-2}}

{{cite journal|author=Cross|author2=Naughton, Walker|title=Design method and scientific method|date=1981|publisher=Design Studies|volume=2|issue=4|pages=195–201}}

{{cite journal|author=Cross|title=Designerly Ways of Knowing: Design Discipline versus Design Science|journal=Design Issues|date=2001|volume=17|issue=3|pages=49–55|doi=10.1162/074793601750357196|s2cid=17912382|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/3281/1/Designerly-_DisciplinevScience.pdf}}

{{cite journal|last1=Cross|first1=Nigel|title=Forty years of design research|journal=Design Studies|date=2007|volume=28|issue=1|pages=1–4|doi=10.1016/j.destud.2006.11.004}}

{{cite web|author=Adams|title=The Advanced Data Acquisition Model (ADAM): A process model for digital forensic practice|publisher=Murdoch University|year=2013|url=http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/14422/2/02Whole.pdf}}

{{cite conference|author=Gero|title=The PhD Program in Design Science at the University of Sydney, Development and Prospects of PhD Programme in Design Science Education|publisher=Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan|year=2004}}

{{cite book |last1=Gregory |first1=Sydney |title=The Design Method |date=1966 |publisher=Butterworth |location=UK}}

{{cite journal|author=Hevner |author2=Salvatore T. March |author3=Jinsoo Park |author4=Sudha Ram |title=Design science in information systems research|journal=MIS Quarterly|year=2004|volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=75–105 |doi=10.2307/25148625 |jstor=25148625}}

{{cite book|author=Hevner|author2=Chatterjee|title=Design Research in Information Systems|publisher=Springer|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4419-5652-1}}

{{cite book|author=Long|author2=Dowell|title=Conceptions of the discipline of HCI: Craft, applied science, and engineering| publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/15292/}}

{{cite journal |last1=Österle |first1=Hubert |last2=Becker |first2=Jörg |last3=Frank |first3=Ulrich |last4=Hess |first4=Thomas |last5=Karagiannis |first5=Dimitris |last6=Krcmar |first6=Helmut |last7=Loos |first7=Peter |last8=Mertens |first8=Peter |last9=Oberweis |first9=Andreas |last10=Sinz |first10=Elmar J |title=Memorandum on design-oriented information systems research |journal=European Journal of Information Systems |date=January 2011 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=7–10 |doi=10.1057/ejis.2010.55 |s2cid=3471461 }}

{{cite journal|author=Österle, H., Becker, J., Frank, U., Hess, T., Karagiannis, D., Krcmar, H., Loos, P., Mertens, P., Oberweis, A. and Sinz, E.J.|title=Memorandum zur gestaltungsorientierten Wirtschaftsinformatik|year=2010|url=https://www.springerprofessional.de/memorandum-zur-gestaltungsorientierten-wirtschaftsinformatik/10834506|journal=Zeitschrift für betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung|volume=62|issue=6|pages=664–672}}

{{cite journal |last1=Baskerville |first1=Richard |last2=Lyytinen |first2=Kalle |last3=Sambamurthy |first3=Vallabh |last4=Straub |first4=Detmar |title=A response to the design-oriented information systems research memorandum |journal=European Journal of Information Systems |date=January 2011 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=11–15 |doi=10.1057/ejis.2010.56 |s2cid=16653089 }}

{{cite journal |last1=Romme |first1=A. Georges L. |title=Making a Difference: Organization as Design |journal=Organization Science |date=October 2003 |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=558–573 |doi=10.1287/orsc.14.5.558.16769 }}

{{cite book|author=Suh|title=The Axiomatic Theory of Design|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-19-504345-7}}

{{cite journal|author=Willem|title=Design and Science|journal=Design Studies|publisher=Butterworth and Co.|year=1990|volume=11|issue=1|pages=43–47|doi=10.1016/0142-694X(90)90013-3|s2cid=108568620 }}

{{cite journal|last1=Gero|first1=John|title=Design prototypes: a knowledge representation schema for design|journal=AI Magazine|year=1990| volume=11|issue=4|pages=26|doi=10.1609/aimag.v11i4.854|s2cid=11350025 }}

{{cite journal|author=Gero|title=The situated function-behaviour-structure framework|journal=Design Studies|publisher=Butterworth and Co.|year=2004|volume=25|issue=4|pages=373–391|doi=10.1016/j.destud.2003.10.010}}

{{cite journal|author=Van Aken|title=Management research based on the paradigm of the design sciences: The quest for field-tested and grounded technological Rules|journal=Journal of Management Studies|year=2004}}

{{cite journal|author=Warfield|title=A Science of Generic Design|publisher=Intersystems Publishers|year=1990}}

{{cite conference|author=Wieringa|title=Design Science as nested problem solving|publisher=4th International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology|year=2009}}

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