dextrocardia

In this form of dextrocardia, the heart is simply placed further right in the thorax than is normal. It is commonly associated with severe defects of the heart and related abnormalities including pulmonary hypoplasia.{{cite journal|journal=Bulletin of the International Association of Medical Museums|issue=5|title=On the differentiation of two forms of congenital dextrocardia|author=M.E. Abbott|author2=J.C. Meakins|name-list-style=amp|pages=134–138|year=1915|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKK4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134}}

Dextrocardia refers to a heart positioned in the right side of the chest. Situs solitus describes viscera that are in the normal position, with the stomach on the left side.{{Cite journal|title=Dextrocardia with sinus solitus|year=2006|pmc=1513419|last1=Leung|first1=A.K.|last2=Robson|first2=W.L.|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=175|issue=3|page=244|doi=10.1503/cmaj.060721|pmid=16880440}}

Dextrocardia situs inversus refers to the heart being a mirror image situated on the right side. For all visceral organs to be mirrored, the correct term is dextrocardia situs inversus totalis.{{Cite web|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/dextrocardia-with-situs-inversus/|title=Dextrocardia with Situs Inversus}}{{cite web |last1=Doshi |first1=Ashish |title=Dextrocardia |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/dextrocardia |website=Johns Hopkins Medicine |date=5 May 2022 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |access-date=21 August 2022 |ref=DextrocardiaJohnsHopkins}}

Although statistically people with dextrocardia do not have any medical problems from the disorder, they may be prone to a number of bowel, esophageal, bronchial and cardiovascular disorders (such as double outlet right ventricle, endocardial cushion defect and pulmonary stenosis).{{cite news |author=MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary |title=Dextrocardia |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007326.htm}} Certain cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders related to dextrocardia can be life-threatening if left unchecked.{{cite web |title=Dextrocardia Information {{!}} Mount Sinai - New York |url=https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/dextrocardia |website=Mount Sinai Health System}}{{cite web |title=Dextrocardia: Causes, symptoms, and treatment |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318875 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en |date=11 August 2017}}

Kartagener syndrome may also be present in patients with dextrocardia but this must be in the setting of situs inversus and may include male infertility.{{cite journal |last1=Barthwal |first1=M. S. |title=KARTAGENER'S SYNDROME IN A FERTILE MALE – AN UNCOMMON VARIANT |journal=Lung India |date=September 2006 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=123 |doi=10.4103/0970-2113.44404 |doi-access=free |issn=0970-2113}}{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=Mayank |last2=Kumar |first2=Naresh |last3=Jaiswal |first3=Ashish |last4=Verma |first4=Ajay K. |last5=Kant |first5=Surya |title=Kartagener's syndrome: A case series |journal=Lung India|date=October 2012 |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=366–369 |doi=10.4103/0970-2113.102831 |doi-access=free |pmid=23243352 |pmc=3519024 |issn=0970-2113}}

In contrast to dextrocardia situs inversus which is only rarely associated with congenital heart disease, dextrocardia situs ambiguus is often associated with intracardiac anomalies. Dextrocardia situs ambiguus presents a surgical challenge not per se due to associated cardiac malformation, but because achieving adequate exposure is difficult. Right sided structures such as right atrium, right ventricle and tricuspid valve are oriented posteriorly in dextrocardia situs ambiguus (in contrast to dextrocardia with situs inversus). This presents a challenge to the surgeons operating on the right-sided cardiac structures in a case of dextrocardia situs ambiguus.{{Cite journal|last1=Mahajan|first1=Sachin|last2=Khanna|first2=Sudhansoo|last3=Kumar|first3=Bhupesh|last4=Halder|first4=Vikram|title=Dextrocardia, situs solitus, inlet ventricular septal defect (VSD), and iatrogenic tricuspid regurgitation (TR) – A surgical perspective|journal=Journal of Cardiac Surgery|year=2020|volume=35|issue=6|language=en|pages=1383–1386|doi=10.1111/jocs.14587|pmid=32349171|s2cid=217585359|issn=1540-8191|doi-access=free}}

Medical diagnosis of the two forms of congenital dextrocardia can be made by ECG or imaging.

Technical dextrocardia refers to an ECG reading that has no basis in the patient's anatomy. This apparent presentation is typically caused by the accidental lead placement of the left and right arm electrodes. Usually, this would show as an extreme axis deviation.{{cite journal |last1=Winter |first1=Jason Lee |title=Recognition of Anterior STEMI in Dextrocardia and the Importance of Right-Sided Chest Leads |journal=JACC. Case Reports |date=July 2020 |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=1222–1226 |doi=10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.06.009 |pmid=34317454 |pmc=8312012 |issn=2666-0849}}

ECG leads must be placed in reversed positions on a person with dextrocardia. In addition, when defibrillating someone with dextrocardia, the pads should be placed in reverse positions.{{cite journal |author=Bindra, S. MD |author2=Tabibiazar, R. MD |author3=Mazar, M MD |author4=Dave, R MD |name-list-style=amp |title=Clinical Vignette: Dextrocardia with Situs Inversus: Through the Looking Glass with an ECG |journal=Proceedings of UCLA Healthcare |publisher=Department of Medicine, UCLA |volume=15 |date=2011 |url=http://www.med.ucla.edu/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=529 |access-date=2013-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606211632/http://www.med.ucla.edu/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=529 |archive-date=2014-06-06 |url-status=dead }} That is, instead of upper right and lower left, pads should be placed upper left and lower right.{{cite web |author=Eddy, S |title=Dextrocardia and Proper Lead Placement |url=http://medicmadness.com/tag/dextrocardia-defibrillation/ }}

When heart transplantation is required in a person with situs inversus, reconstruction of the venous pathways to accommodate a normal donor heart is a major, but not insurmountable, challenge.{{cite journal|last1=Deuse|first1=Tobias|last2=Reitz|first2=Bruce A.|title=Heart-Lung Transplantation In Situs Inversus Totalis|journal=The Annals of Thoracic Surgery|date=September 2009|volume=88|issue=3|pages=1002–1003|doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.01.060|pmid=19699943|doi-access=free}}

Dextrocardia is estimated to occur in approximately 1 in 12,019 pregnancies.{{cite journal |vauthors=Bohun CM, Potts JE, Casey BM, Sandor GG |title=A population-based study of cardiac malformations and outcomes associated with dextrocardia |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=305–309 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17631088 |doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.02.095 }}

A Japanese study of 1,753 fetal cardiac echocardiograms over five years revealed only two cases.{{cite journal|language=ja, en |author=Sato, T. |display-authors=etal |title=Clinical Course and Prognosis of Minor Abnormal Sonographic Findings in Fetal Echocardiography: Five Years of Experience at a Single Institute |journal=Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery|volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=563–568|date=2014 |doi=10.9794/jspccs.30.563|doi-access=free }}

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{{Medical resources

| DiseasesDB = 3617

| ICD10 = {{ICD10|Q|24|0|q|20}}

| ICD9 = {{ICD9|746.87}}

| ICDO =

| OMIM =

| MedlinePlus = 007326

| eMedicineSubj =

| eMedicineTopic =

}}

• {{RareDiseases|1827|Dextrocardia}}
• {{RareDiseases|6268|Dextrocardia with situs inversus}}

{{Laterality}}

{{Congenital malformations and deformations of circulatory system}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Congenital heart defects

Category:Rare diseases