dicarboximide fungicides
File:Vinclozolin.svg, a dicarboximide fungicide]]
Dicarboximide (or dicarboxamide) fungicides are a family of agricultural fungicides that include vinclozolin, iprodione, and procymidone.{{citation | last = Noon | first = Robert | year = 2004 | title = New developments in Fungicides | edition = 2004 | publisher = PJB Publications | page = 38}} Dicarboximides are believed to inhibit triglyceride biosynthesis in sclerotia-forming fungi, including Botrytis cinerea.Copping, L. G. (1998). "Review of major agrochemical classes and uses". In: Chemistry and Technology of Agrochemical Foundations (D. Alan Knowles ed.). Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 29. {{ISBN|0-7514-0443-8}}. These fungicides turn into 3,5-dichloroaniline in soil rapidly. Repeated use of dicarboximides over several years reduce their effectiveness. Resistance has developed against all dicarboximides in many plant species, including vines, strawberries and protected crops, and are recommended to be used in conjunction with other fungicides.
Toxicity
Dicarboximides are endocrine disruptors and have been shown to have antiandrogenic effects, i.e. decrease levels of male hormones.
Animal studies with vinclozolin and procymidone show irregular reproductive development due to their function as androgen receptor antagonists that inhibit androgen-activated gene expression.{{Cite journal |vauthors= Gray LE, Ostby J, Furr J, Wolf CJ, Lambright C, Parks L, Veeramachaneni DN, Wilson V, Price M, Hotchkiss A, Orlando E, Guillette L |title=Effects of environmental antiandrogens on reproductive development in experimental animals |journal=Human Reproduction Update |volume= 7|pages=248–64 |year=2001 |pmid=11392371 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/humupd/7.3.248|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |author= Curtis LR. |title=Organophosphate antagonism of the androgen receptor |journal=Toxicological Sciences |volume=60 |pages=1–2 |date=Mar 2001 |pmid=11222865 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/toxsci/60.1.1|doi-access=free }} Even with low doses of antiandrogenic pesticides, developmental effects such as reduced anogenital distance and induction of areolas were seen in male rats.
References
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