discrimination based on nationality

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), currently signed by 88 countries,{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&clang=_en|title=2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}} allows discrimination by nationality, citizenship or naturalization but prohibits discrimination "against any particular nationality".{{Cite journal |last=Spijkerboer |first=Thomas |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/emil/20/4/article-p452_5.xml |title=The Global Mobility Infrastructure: Reconceptualising the Externalisation of Migration Control |date=2018 |journal=European Journal of Migration and Law |volume=20 |pages=452–469 |doi=10.1163/15718166-12340038 |issue=4|s2cid=150019997 |doi-access=free }}

{{Blockquote

|text=1. In this Convention, the term "racial discrimination" shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life.

2. This Convention shall not apply to distinctions, exclusions, restrictions or preferences made by a State Party to this Convention between citizens and non-citizens.

3. Nothing in this Convention may be interpreted as affecting in any way the legal provisions of States Parties concerning nationality, citizenship or naturalization, provided that such provisions do not discriminate against any particular nationality.

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|source=[https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-elimination-all-forms-racial International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Article 1]

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Article 7(1) of the Refugee Convention prohibits discrimination of the basis of nationality between refugees and aliens.{{cite web | title=The 1951 Refugee Convention and 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees | website=UNHCR | url=https://www.unhcr.org/media/1951-refugee-convention-and-1967-protocol-relating-status-refugees | access-date=8 February 2025}}{{Cite book |last=Grundler |first=Maja |title='Treatment Accorded to Aliens Generally': Article 7(1) of the 1951 Refugee Convention as a Basis for Visa-Free Access to States Parties' Territory? An Examination of the Prohibition of Nationality Discrimination in the Refugee Convention |date=2021 |journal=International Journal of Refugee Law |volume=33 |pages=469–496 |doi=10.1093/ijrl/eeac003 |issue=3}}

Some international investment agreements also prohibit discrimination based on the nationality of the investor.{{Cite book |last=Wordsworth |first=Sam |title=Contemporary Issues in International Arbitration and Mediation: The Fordham Papers (2012) |date=2013 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004260207 |page=56 |language=en |chapter=Some Thoughts on Applicable Law and Interpretation}}{{Cite book |last=Haslehner |first=Werner |title=Nationality Non-Discrimination and Article 24 OECD - Perennial Issues, Recent Trends and New Approaches |date=2016 |publisher=IBFD |isbn=978-90-8722-378-6 |language=en |chapter=Nationality Non-Discrimination and Article 24 OECD - Perennial Issues, Recent Trends}}

Prohibition of discrimination based on nationality for nationals of European single market member states is a key aspect of the European single market.{{Cite book |last=Favilli |first=Chiara |title=Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union – A Commentary: Volume I: Preamble, Articles 1–89 |date=2021 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-030-43511-0 |pages=453–467 |language=en |chapter=Article 18 [Combating Discrimination Based on Nationality]}} Article 18 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) bans discrimination based on nationality within the scope of the treaties. According to the European Court of Justice, this prohibition is not applicable to non-nationals of member states of the European Union or European single market.{{Cite book| isbn = 9789039363072 |last1=Brouwer |first1=E. R. |title=Equality and Human Rights: Nothing but Trouble? |last2=Vries |first2=K. M. de |date=2015 |publisher=Utrecht University Press |pages=123–146 |language=English |chapter=Third-country nationals and discrimination on the ground of nationality: article 18 TFEU in the context of article 14 ECHR and EU migration law: time for a new approach}}

Many states have travel and immigration laws based on nationality, for example offering visa-free travel to nationals of certain states but not others.

A well-known example of discrimination on the basis of nationality is the Executive Order 13769 ("Muslim ban") in which nationals of several Muslim-majority states were prohibited from traveling to the United States.{{Cite journal |last1=Ellermann |first1=Antje |last2=Goenaga |first2=Agustín |date=2019 |title=Discrimination and Policies of Immigrant Selection in Liberal States |journal=Politics & Society |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=87–116 |doi=10.1177/0032329218820870|s2cid=159178544 |doi-access=free }}

Nationality is related to race and religion, so direct discrimination on the basis of nationality may be indirect discrimination on racial or religious grounds.{{Cite journal |last=Heijer |first=Maarten den |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/emil/20/4/article-p470_6.xml |title=Visas and Non-discrimination |date=2018 |journal=European Journal of Migration and Law |volume=20 |pages=470–489 |doi=10.1163/15718166-12340039 |issue=4|s2cid=239512847 |doi-access=free |hdl=11245.1/b58cac4e-2b9b-4bb0-bc14-207f1cca7050 |hdl-access=free }}

According to Thomas Spijkerboer, "at face value, migration law is also a form of racial discrimination" under the CERD.

Global apartheid is a term used to describe how Global North countries discriminate on the basis of nationality and deny permanent residency or citizenship to migrants from the Global South as well as discrimination based on nationality in migration law.{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Nandita |title=Nationalism and Global Solidarities |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780203085981 |page=72 |chapter=Global apartheid and nation-statehood: Instituting border regimes}}

According to Gareth Davies, eliminating discrimination based on nationality would create polities based on residence rather than citizenship.{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Gareth |title='Any Place I Hang My Hat?' or: Residence is the New Nationality |date=2005 |journal=European Law Journal |volume=11 |pages=43–56 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0386.2005.00248.x |issue=1}}

One study found that foreign NBA players were paid less than United States nationals of equivalent performance between the 1999-2000 and 2007–2008 seasons.{{Cite book |last1=Yang |first1=Chih-Hai |title=Is There Salary Discrimination by Nationality in the NBA?: Foreign Talent or Foreign Market |last2=Lin |first2=Hsuan-Yu |date=2012 |work=Journal of Sports Economics |volume=13 |pages=53–75 |doi=10.1177/1527002510391617 |issue=1|s2cid=155033433 }}

• Nationality#Nationality versus citizenship
• Democratic globalization

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• {{cite journal |last1=Foster |first1=Michelle |last2=Baker |first2=Timnah Rachel |title=Racial Discrimination in Nationality Laws: A Doctrinal Blind Spot of International Law? |journal=Columbia Journal of Race and Law |date=2021 |volume=11 |pages=83 |url=https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/cjrl/article/view/8018 | doi = 10.7916/cjrl.v11i1.8018}}

{{Discrimination}}

nationality based on

Category:Nationality