distributed networking

Distributed networking, used in distributed computing, is the network system over which computer programming, software, and its data are spread out across more than one computer, but communicate complex messages through their nodes (computers), and are dependent upon each other. The goal of a distributed network is to share resources, typically to accomplish a single or similar goal.{{cite book |last1=Srinivasa |first1=K.G. |last2=Muppalla |first2=Anil Kumar |title=Guide to High Performance Distributed Computing: Case Studies with Hadoop, Scalding and Spark (Computer Communications and Networks) |date=Feb 2015 |pages=4–8 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3319134963 }} Usually, this takes place over a computer network,{{cite journal |last1=Balda |first1=Braveem |title=Security Enhancement in Distributed Networking |journal=International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing |date=April 2015 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=761 |url=https://ijcsmc.com/docs/papers/April2015/V4I4201599a43.pdf |accessdate=24 September 2018}} however, internet-based computing is rising in popularity.{{cite book |last1=Weija |first1=Jia |last2=Zhou |first2=Wanlei |title=Distributed Network Systems: From Concepts to Implementations |date=Dec 2004 |pages=xvii-6 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0387238395 }} Typically, a distributed networking system is composed of processes, threads, agents, and distributed objects. Merely distributed physical components is not enough to suffice as a distributed network; typically distributed networking uses concurrent program execution.

Client/server computing is a type of distributed computing where one computer, a client, requests data from the server, a primary computing center, which responds to the client directly with the requested data, sometimes through an agent. Client/server distributed networking is also popular in web-based computing. Client/Server is the principle that a client computer can provide certain capabilities for a user and request others from other computers that provide services for the clients. The Web's Hypertext Transfer Protocol is basically all client/server.{{cite book |last1=Tsenov |first1=Martin |title=Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Computer systems and technologies - CompSysTech '07 |chapter=Example of communication between distributed network systems using web services |date=June 2007 |issue=35 |pages=1 |doi=10.1145/1330598.1330637 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1330637 |accessdate=24 September 2018|isbn=9789549641509 |s2cid=1873704 }}{{cite web |last1=Maly |first1=Robin Jan |title=Comparison of centralized (client-server) and decentralized (peer-to-peer) networking. Semester thesis. |url=https://pub.tik.ee.ethz.ch/students/2002-2003-Wi/SA-2003-16.pdf |website=ETH Zurich |accessdate=24 September 2018}}{{cite book |last1=Piliouras |first1=Teresa C. |title=Network Design, Second Edition: Management and Technical Perspectives |date=Dec 2004 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9780849316081 |page=353 |edition=2nd |url=https://www.crcpress.com/Network-Design-Second-Edition-Management-and-Technical-Perspectives/Piliouras/p/book/9780849316081 |accessdate=25 September 2018}}

A distributed network can also be agent-based, where what controls the agent or component is loosely defined, and the components can have either pre-configured or dynamic settings.

Decentralization is where each computer on the network can be used for the computing task at hand, which is the opposite of the client/server model. Typically, only idle computers are used, and in this way, it is thought that networks are more efficient. Peer-to-peer (P2P) computation is based on a decentralized, distributed network, including the distributed ledger technology such as blockchain.{{cite web |last1=Mearian |first1=Lucas |title=What is blockchain? The most disruptive tech in decades |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/3191077/security/what-is-blockchain-the-most-disruptive-tech-in-decades.html |website=Computerworld |accessdate=24 September 2018 |date=31 May 2018 |archive-date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924111259/https://www.computerworld.com/article/3191077/security/what-is-blockchain-the-most-disruptive-tech-in-decades.html |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |last1=Raval |first1=Siraj |title=Chapter 1. What Is a Decentralized Application? |url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/decentralized-applications/9781491924532/ch01.html |website=O'Reilly Safari |accessdate=24 September 2018}}

Mesh networking is a local network composed of devices (nodes) that was originally designed to communicate through radio waves, allowing for different types of devices. Each node is able to communicate with every other node on the network.

Prior to the 1980s, computing was typically centralized on a single low-cost desktop computer.{{cite web |title=A brave new world: the 1980s home computer boom |url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/20th-century/a-brave-new-world-the-1980s-home-computer-boom/ |website=History Extra |accessdate=24 September 2018}} But today, computing resources (computers or servers) are typically physically distributed in many places, which distributed networking excels at. Some types of computing doesn't scale well past a certain level of parallelism and the gains of superior hardware components, and thus is bottle-necked, such as by Very Large Scale Instruction Words. By increasing the number of computers rather than the power of their components, these bottlenecks are overcome. Situations where resource sharing becomes an issue, or where higher fault tolerance is needed also find aid in distributed networking. Distributed networking is also very supportive of higher levels of anonymity.{{cite book |last1=Sy |first1=Denh |title=Anonymous yet traceable wireless mesh networking |date=2011 |publisher=California State University |isbn=978-1-124-40072-3 |url=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2049204 |accessdate=25 September 2018}}

Enterprises with rapid growth and scaling needs may find it challenging to maintain their own distributed network under the traditional client/server computing model. Cloud Computing is the utility of distributed computing over Internet-based applications, storage, and computing services. A cloud is a cluster of computers or servers that are closely connected to provide scalable, high-capacity computing or related tasks.{{cite journal |title=Distributed Computing: Utilities, Grids & Clouds |journal=ITU-T Technology Watch Report |date=2009 |volume=9 |url=https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/23/01/T23010000090001PDFE.pdf |accessdate=24 September 2018}}

• Cloud computing
• Data center
• Distributed data store
• Distributed file system
• Distributed computing
• Peer-to-peer

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Category:File sharing networks

Category:Distributed data storage