dopamine (medication)

{{Short description|Hormone used as a medication}}

{{About|the medication|this substance as a natural biological molecule|Dopamine}}

{{Other uses|Dopamine (disambiguation)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}

{{cs1 config |name-list-style=vanc |display-authors=6}}

{{drugbox

| Watchedfields = changed

| verifiedrevid = 595793408

| drug_name = Dopamine

| image = Dopamine2.svg

| image_class = skin-invert-image

| alt =

| caption = Skeletal formula of dopamine

| image2 = Dopamine-from-xtal-view-1-3D-bs-17.png

| image_class2 = bg-transparent

| alt2 =

| caption2 = Ball-and-stick model of the zwitterionic form of dopamine found in the crystal structure{{ cite journal | title = Tautomeric and ionisation forms of dopamine and tyramine in the solid state | vauthors = Cruickshank L, Kennedy AR, Shankland N | journal = J. Mol. Struct. | volume = 1051 | pages = 132–136 | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.08.002 | bibcode = 2013JMoSt1051..132C }}

| tradename = Intropin, Dopastat, Revimine, others

| Drugs.com = {{Drugs.com|monograph|dopamine-hydrochloride}}

| routes_of_administration = Intravenous

| ATC_prefix = C01

| ATC_suffix = CA04

| legal_AU =

| legal_CA =

| legal_UK =

| legal_US =

| legal_EU = Rx-only

| legal_EU_comment =

| legal_status = Rx-only

| source_tissues = Substantia nigra; ventral tegmental area; many others

| target_tissues = System-wide

| receptors = D₁, D₂, D₃, D₄, D₅, TAAR1{{cite web|title=Dopamine: Biological activity|url=http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=biology&ligandId=940|work=IUPHAR/BPS guide to pharmacology|publisher=International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology|access-date=29 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205041409/http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=biology&ligandId=940|archive-date=5 February 2016}}

| agonists = Direct: apomorphine, bromocriptine
Indirect: cocaine, substituted amphetamine, cathinone, bupropion

| antagonists = Neuroleptics, metoclopramide, domperidone

| bioavailability =

| protein_bound =

| metabolism = MAO, COMT, ALDH, DBH, MAO-A, MAO-B, COMT

| elimination_half-life =

| excretion = Kidney

| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}

| CAS_number = 51-61-6

| CAS_supplemental = {{CAS|62-31-7}} (hydrochloride)

| PubChem = 681

| IUPHAR_ligand = 940

| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}

| DrugBank = DB00988

| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}

| ChemSpiderID = 661

| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}

| UNII = VTD58H1Z2X

| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}

| KEGG = D07870

| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}

| ChEBI = 18243

| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}

| ChEMBL = 59

| synonyms = 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenethylamine; 3-hydroxytyramine; DA; Intropin; Revivan; Oxytyramine; Prolactin inhibiting factor; Prolactin inhibiting hormone

| IUPAC_name = 4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol

| C = 8

| H = 11

| N = 1

| O = 2

| SMILES = c1cc(c(cc1CCN)O)O

| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}

| StdInChI = 1S/C8H11NO2/c9-4-3-6-1-2-7(10)8(11)5-6/h1-2,5,10-11H,3-4,9H2

| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}

| StdInChIKey = VYFYYTLLBUKUHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N

| density = 1.26

| boiling_point =

| boiling_notes = decomposes

| melting_point = 128

| melting_notes =

| solubility =

}}

Dopamine, sold under the brand name Intropin among others, is a medication most commonly used in the treatment of very low blood pressure, a slow heart rate that is causing symptoms, and, if epinephrine is not available, cardiac arrest.{{cite web|title=Dopamine Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/dopamine-hydrochloride.html|website=drugs.com|publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=15 July 2016|date=29 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914161247/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/dopamine-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=14 September 2016}} In newborn babies it continues to be the preferred treatment for very low blood pressure.{{cite journal | vauthors = Bhayat SI, Gowda HM, Eisenhut M | title = Should dopamine be the first line inotrope in the treatment of neonatal hypotension? Review of the evidence | journal = World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 212–222 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27170932 | pmc = 4857235 | doi = 10.5409/wjcp.v5.i2.212 | doi-access = free }} In children epinephrine or norepinephrine is generally preferred while in adults norepinephrine is generally preferred for very low blood pressure.{{cite journal | vauthors = De Backer D, Aldecoa C, Njimi H, Vincent JL | title = Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: a meta-analysis* | journal = Critical Care Medicine | volume = 40 | issue = 3 | pages = 725–730 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22036860 | doi = 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31823778ee | s2cid = 24620964 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb SA, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R | title = Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012 | journal = Critical Care Medicine | volume = 41 | issue = 2 | pages = 580–637 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23353941 | doi = 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af | s2cid = 34855187 | doi-access = free }} It is given intravenously or intraosseously as a continuous infusion. Effects typically begin within five minutes. Doses are then increased to effect.

Common side effects include worsening kidney function, an irregular heartbeat, chest pain, vomiting, headache, or anxiety. If it enters into the soft tissue around the vein local tissue death may occur. The medication phentolamine can be given to try to decrease this risk. It is unclear if dopamine is safe to use during pregnancy or breastfeeding. At low doses dopamine mainly triggers dopamine receptors and β1-adrenergic receptors while at high doses it works via α-adrenergic receptors.

Dopamine was first synthesized in a laboratory in 1910 by George Barger and James Ewens in England.{{cite journal | vauthors = Fahn S | title = The history of dopamine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease | journal = Movement Disorders | volume = 23 | issue = Suppl 3 | pages = S497–S508 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18781671 | doi = 10.1002/mds.22028 | quote = According to Hornykiewicz,6 dopamine was first synthesized by George Barger and James Ewens in 1910 at the Wellcome labs in London, England. | s2cid = 45572523 }} It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 | year = 2019 | hdl = 10665/325771 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO | hdl-access=free }} In human physiology dopamine is a neurotransmitter as well as a hormone.{{cite book| vauthors = Millar T |title=Biochemistry explained : a practical guide to learning biochemistry|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780415299411|page=40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WywxhvLh1R8C&pg=PA40|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815234209/https://books.google.ca/books?id=WywxhvLh1R8C&pg=PA40|archive-date=15 August 2016}}