dysphoria

Intense states of distress and unease increase the risk of suicide, as well as being unpleasant in themselves. Relieving dysphoria is therefore a priority of psychiatric treatment. One may treat underlying causes such as depression (especially dysthymia or major depressive disorder) or bipolar disorder as well as the dysphoric symptoms themselves.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

The 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) defines dysphoria as "an unpleasant mood state, which can include feelings of depression, anxiety, discontent, irritability, and unhappiness."{{cite web |title=MB24.7 Dysphoria |url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1979628747 |website=ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (Version 01/2023) |publisher=World Health Organization (WHO) |access-date=2 August 2023 |quote=An unpleasant mood state, which can include feelings of depression, anxiety, discontent, irritability, and unhappiness}}

Dissatisfaction with being able-bodied can be diagnosed as body integrity dysphoria in the ICD-11.{{Cite web|url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/256572629|title=ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics|website=icd.who.int|language=en|access-date=2018-11-11}}

{{Main article|Gender dysphoria}}

Gender dysphoria is discomfort, unhappiness or distress due to the primary and secondary sex characteristics of one's sex assigned at birth. The current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5, uses the term "gender dysphoria" where it previously referred to "gender identity disorder."

The following conditions may include dysphoria as a symptom:

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• Major depressive disorder (unipolar) and dysthymia
• Bipolar disorder{{cite web|url=http://www.abess.com/glossary.html |title=Glossary of terms in the field of psychiatry and neurology |last=Abbess |first=John F |access-date=2006-11-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718050542/http://www.abess.com/glossary.html |archive-date=2007-07-18 }} and cyclothymia
• Borderline personality disorder
• Premenstrual syndrome
• Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
• Dysphoric milk ejection reflex
• Stress
• Adjustment disorder with depressed mood
• Anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder
• Dysphoric rumination{{cite journal | last1 = Lyubomirsky | first1 = S. | last2 = Kasri | first2 = F. | last3 = Zehm | first3 = K. | year = 2003 | title = Dysphoric rumination impairs concentration on academic tasks | journal = Cognitive Therapy and Research | volume = 27 | issue = 3| pages = 309–330 | doi=10.1023/A:1023918517378| s2cid = 14204781 }}
• Dissociative disorders such as dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia and depersonalization-derealization disorder.
• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, defined as emotional deregulation or unbearable RSD "rejection sensitivity dysphoria"
• Mixed anxiety-depressive disorder
• Gender dysphoria
• Personality disorders such as borderline personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder
• Substance withdrawal
• Body dysmorphic disorder
• Akathisia
• Schizophrenia
• Sexual dysfunction
• Body integrity dysphoria
• Insomnia{{cite journal |author=Rosa RR, Bonnet MH |title=Reported chronic insomnia is independent of poor sleep as measured by electroencephalography |journal=Psychosom Med |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=474–82 |year=2000 |doi=10.1097/00006842-200007000-00004 |pmid=10949091 |s2cid=24557015 }}
• Chronic pain{{cite journal |author=Chapman CR, Gavrin J |title=Suffering: the contributions of persistent pain |journal=Lancet |volume=353 |issue=9171 |pages=2233–7 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10393002 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01308-2 |s2cid=32348469 }}
• Disease{{div col end}}

Some drugs can produce dysphoria, including κ-opioid receptor agonists like salvinorin A (the active constituent of the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum), butorphanol and pentazocine,{{cite book|first1=Thomas L.|last1=Lemke|first2=David A.|last2=Williams|title=Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sd6ot9ul-bUC&pg=PA682|date=24 January 2012|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-60913-345-0|pages=682–683}} μ-opioid receptor antagonists such as naltrexone and nalmefene,{{cite book|first=Joyce H.|last=Lowinson|title=Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HtGb2wNsgn4C&pg=PA648|year=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-3474-5|pages=648–}} and antipsychotics like haloperidol and chlorpromazine (via blockade of dopamine receptors),{{cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=Hanjing Emily|last2=Okusaga|first2=Olaoluwa O.|title=Antipsychotic Medication-Induced Dysphoria: Its Meaning, Association with Typical vs. Atypical Medications and Impact on Adherence|journal=Psychiatric Quarterly|volume=86|issue=2|year=2014|pages=199–205|issn=0033-2720|doi=10.1007/s11126-014-9319-1|pmid=25164199|s2cid=6831656}} among others. Depressogenic and/or anxiogenic drugs may also be associated with dysphoria.

Against Me! released the album Transgender Dysphoria Blues in which the lead singer Laura Jane Grace shares her experiences of gender dysphoria.Thompson, Stephen. "[https://www.npr.org/2014/01/12/261095666/first-listen-against-me-transgender-dysphoria-blues First Listen: Against Me!, 'Transgender Dysphoria Blues']" NPR. NPR, 12 Jan. 2014. Web. 27 May 2014

Shane Neilson released a book of poetry entitled Dysphoria (Erin, ON: The Porcupine's Quill, 2017) in which he explores the experience of dysphoria.{{cite web|url=http://porcupinesquill.ca/bookinfo6.php?index=323 |publisher=The Porcupine's Quill |title=Dysphoria }}

{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|Psychology}}

• {{cite web | url = http://bipolar.about.com/cs/faqs/f/faq_dysphoria.htm | title = What is dysphoria? | last = Read | first = Kimberly | work = Your Guide to Bipolar Disorder | publisher = About.com | year = 2006 | access-date = 2006-11-19 | archive-date = 2011-09-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927023840/http://bipolar.about.com/cs/faqs/f/faq_dysphoria.htm | url-status = dead }}

{{Bipolar disorder}}

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Category:Emotions

Category:Mood disorders

Category:Mental states

Category:Symptoms or signs involving mood or affect