educational architecture
{{Short description|Architecture of school buildings}}
File:Princeton University Graduate College, NJ - looking north.jpg (1913), designed by Ralph Adams Cram in the Collegiate Gothic style]]
Educational architecture, school architecture or school building design is a discipline which practices architect and others for the design of educational institutions, such as schools and universities, as well as other choices in the educational design of learning experiences. The design of building can significantly influence the learning experience of students.{{Cite web |date=2021-02-06 |title=How educational institutions' architecture shapes young minds |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/how-educational-institutions-architecture-shapes-young-minds/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}} Additionally, because schools are important sources of traffic, employment and community activities, school buildings often act as anchor institutions in neighborhoods or communities.{{Cite web |date=2023-02-05 |title=Schools As Anchor Institutions – A Community Organizer's Perspective |url=https://education-power-change.com/schools-as-anchor-institutions/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=Education - Power - Change |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last1=O’Farrell |first1=Liam |last2=Hassan |first2=Sara |last3=Hoole |first3=Charlotte |date=2022-12-02 |title=The university as a Just anchor: universities, anchor networks and participatory research |journal=Studies in Higher Education |language=en |volume=47 |issue=12 |pages=2405–2416 |doi=10.1080/03075079.2022.2072480 |issn=0307-5079|doi-access=free }} The decline of a school can have significant impact on local communities.
Various countries have gone through significant changes in philosophies associated with educational institutions, influenced by trends in investment by governments as well as larger changes in educational philosophy.
Scope
File:Royal College of Science (Imperial College London).jpg
Though primarily dealing with the physical building where education is given, for example a school, educational architecture may also be refer to the design of the education process.
{{cite journal
| last1 = Nixon
| first1 = Robert G.
| title = Becoming an education architect. How to design a training program that fits your department's needs.
| journal = Emergency Medical Services
| date = 2006
| volume = 35
| issue = 7
| pages = 54–60
| pmid = 16878749
}}
Both the methodical and the physical structure of the education influence the learning outcomes.
{{cite journal
| last1 = Tanner
| first1 = C. Kenneth
| title = The influence of school architecture on academic achievement
| journal = Journal of Educational Administration
| date = 2000
| volume = 38
| issue = 4
| pages = 309–330
| doi = 10.1108/09578230010373598
}}
Examples of educational architecture as redesign of the physical place are
{{cite journal
| last1 = Jamieson
| first1 = Peter
| title = Moving beyond the classroom: Accommodating the changing pedagogy of higher education
| journal = Forum of the Australasian Association for Institutional Research
| date = 2005
| volume = 2005
| url = http://www.aair.org.au/app/webroot/media/pdf/AAIR%20Fora/Forum2005/Jamieson.pdf
}}
- applying standards for the indoor environment.
{{cite web
| last1 = Baker
| first1 = Lindsay
| title = A History of School Design and Its Indoor Environmental Standards, 1900 to Today
| url = https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED539480.pdf
| website = National Institute of Building Sciences
| publisher = National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities
| accessdate = 22 February 2019
}}
Examples of educational architecture as redesign of the education process are
{{cite journal
| last1 = Caldwell
| first1 = Mark S.
| title = Educational Architecture: Constructing Courses to Meet Learner's Needs and Expectations
| journal = Journal of Professional Legal Education
| date = 1993
| volume = 11
| issue = 1
| page = 13
}}
- the development of a virtual learning environment.
{{cite journal
| last1 = Naeve
| first1 = Ambjörn
| title = The knowledge manifold an educational architecture that supports inquiry-based customizable forms of e-learning
| journal = CID, Centre for User Oriented IT Design
| date = October 2001
| volume = 2001
| url = http://cid.nada.kth.se/pdf/CID-162.pdf
}}
Significant movements
=Gothic and Gothic revival=
File:Victoria Building, University of Liverpool 2019.jpg]]
{{main|University Gothic|Collegiate Gothic|High Victorian Gothic}}
The University Gothic style flourished in English universities in the 13th to 15th centuries, inspired by the Gothic architecture of monasteries and manor houses of the time. Important subgenres of the Gothic revival of the 19th and early 20th centuries in educational buildings were Collegiate Gothic, which was extensively used in North American schools and colleges, and High Victorian Gothic, which was used in English universities and colleges, particularly the redbrick universities named for their buildings in this architectural style.
=Queen Anne style=
Edward Robert Robson pioneered the use of Queen Anne style architecture for school buildings. Robson believed Gothic architecture's association with religion was inappropriate for secular education buildings. Robson's beliefs inspired the Auckland Education Board architects Mitchell and Watt who designed many Queen Anne style school buildings.{{cite web |last1=Francesco |first1=Cara |title=Heritage Evaluation - Richmond Manual Training School |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/UnitaryPlanDocuments/pc7-02819-richmond-rd-manual-training-school.pdf |date=October 2016|publisher=Auckland Council Heritage Unit}}{{cite web |title=Heritage Evaluation - Newmarket Manual Training School |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/UnitaryPlanDocuments/pc7-02821-newmarket-manual-training-school.pdf |publisher=Auckland Council Heritage Unit|author=Reynolds & Associates}}
= Brutalism =
File:Geisel-Library.jpg at the University of California, San Diego]]
{{main|Brutalist architecture#On university campuses}}
Brutalist architecture, characterised by minimalist construction showcasing the building materials and structural elements over decorative design, was extensively used on university campuses across the world in the 1960s and 1970s.
= Open classroom design =
{{Excerpt|Open classroom}}
Also
- Joseph Fuller, G. Topham Forrest, Sadie Morgan; architects specialised in educational architecture.
- Glenda Lappan, Robert Glaser; educational designers.
- Harvard Graduate Center; innovator of educational architecture
- The Children's Village at the Canuanã School; winner of the award "Best Building of Educational Architecture of the World" (2018)