elative case
{{Short description|Grammatical case}}
{{distinguish|Elative (gradation)}}
In grammar, the elative case (abbreviated {{sc|ela}}; from {{langx|la|efferre}} "to bring or carry out") is a locative grammatical case signifying that something comes from something, somewhere or someone.{{Cite web |last=uusikielemme |date=2022-02-14 |title=The Elative Case (Mistä) – Finnish Grammar |url=https://uusikielemme.fi/finnish-grammar/finnish-cases/location-cases/the-elative-case-mista-finnish-grammar |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Uusi kielemme |language=en-US}}
Usage
=Uralic languages=
In Finnish, the elative is typically formed by adding {{wikt-lang|fi|-sta|sta/stä}}, in Estonian by adding {{wikt-lang|et|-st}} to the genitive stem, {{lang|liv|-õst}} in Livonian and {{lang|myv|-sto}} in Erzya. In Hungarian, the suffix {{wikt-lang|hu|-ból|-ból/-ből}} expresses the elative:
:{{langx|fi|talosta}} - "out of the house, from the house" (Finnish {{lang|fi|talo}} = "house") {{lang|fi|taloista}} - "out of the houses, from the houses" (Finnish {{lang|fi|talot}} = "houses")
:{{langx|et|majast}} - "out of the house, from the house" (Estonian {{lang|et|maja}} = "house")
:Erzya: {{lang|myv-Latn|kudosto}} - "out of the house, from the house" (Erzya {{lang|myv|kudo}} = "house")
:{{langx|hu|házból}} - "out of the house" (Hungarian {{lang|hu|ház}} = "house")
In some dialects of Finnish it is common to drop the final vowel of the elative ending, which then becomes identical to the elative morpheme of Estonian; for example: {{lang|fi|talost}}. This pronunciation is common in southern Finland, appearing in the southwestern dialects and in some Tavastian dialects. Most other dialects use the standard form -sta.
=Russian=
In some rare cases the elative still exists in contemporary Russian, though it was used more widely in 17-18th cc. texts: {{lang|ru|и́з лесу}} (out of the forest), {{lang|ru|кровь и́з носу}} (blood from the nose), {{lang|ru|из Яросла́влю}} (from Yaroslavl).{{Cite journal |last=Ilola |first=Eeva |date=July 1995 |title=Spatial prepositions in Russian and their Finnish equivalents |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01080721 |journal=Russian Linguistics |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=187–218 |doi=10.1007/bf01080721 |issn=0304-3487|url-access=subscription }}
See also
{{Wiktionary|elative case}}
Other locative cases are:
- Inessive case ("in")
- Superessive case ("on")
- Adessive case ("by/at")
- Illative case ("into")
- Sublative case ("onto")
- Allative case ("towards")
- Ablative case ("away from")
- Delative case ("off")
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- {{cite book |last= Karlsson |first= Fred |year= 2018 |title= Finnish - A Comprehensive Grammar |location= London and New York |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-1-138-82104-0}}
- {{cite web |last= Anhava |first= Jaakko |year= 2015 |title= Criteria For Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars |location= Helsinki |website= journal.fi |publisher= Finnish Scholarly Journals Online |url= https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52392/16242}}
{{Grammatical cases}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Elative Case}}