electrostatic levitation

{{Main|Earnshaw's theorem}}

The idea of particle instability in an electrostatic field originated with Samuel Earnshaw in 1839Samuel Earnshaw "On the Nature of the Molecular Forces which regulate the Constitution of the Luminiferous Ether," Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 7, pp. 97–122 (1842). and was formalized by James Clerk MaxwellJames Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, Macmillan and Co., "Earnshaw's theorem" p. 139 (1873) in 1874 who gave it the title "Earnshaw's theorem" and proved it with the Laplace equation. Earnshaw's theorem explains why a system of electrons is not stable and was invoked by Niels Bohr in his atom model of 1913{{Cite journal|last=Bohr|first=Niels|date=July 1913|title=I. On the constitution of atoms and molecules|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=26|issue=151|pages=1–25|doi=10.1080/14786441308634955|issn=1941-5982|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2493915}}{{Better source|date=March 2019}} when criticizing J. J. Thomson's atom.

Earnshaw's theorem holds that a charged particle suspended in an electrostatic field is unstable, because the forces of attraction and repulsion vary at an equal rate that is proportional to the inverse square law and remain in balance wherever a particle moves. Since the forces remain in balance, there is no inequality to provide a restoring force; and the particle remains unstable and can freely move without restriction.

The first electrostatic levitator was invented by Dr. Won-Kyu Rhim at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 1993.W. K. Rhim, S. K. Chung, D. Barber, K. F. Man, G. Gutt, A. Rulison, and R. E. Spjut, Review of Scientific Instruments 64, 2961 (1993). A charged sample of 2 mm in diameter can be levitated in a vacuum chamber between two electrodes positioned vertically with an electrostatic field in between. The field is controlled through a feedback system to keep the levitated sample at a predetermined position. Several copies of this system have been made in JAXA and NASA, and the original system has been transferred to California Institute of Technology with an upgraded setup of tetrahedra four beam laser heating system.

On the Moon the photoelectric effect and electrons in the solar wind charge fine layers of Moon dust on the surface forming an atmosphere of dust that floats in "fountains" over the surface of the Moon.[http://www.firstscience.com/site/articles/moonfountains.asp Bell, Trudy E., "Moon fountains"], FirstScience.com, 2001-01-06.[http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Dust_Gets_A_Charge_In_A_Vacuum.html Dust gets a charge in a vacuum]

• Magnetic levitation
• Optical levitation
• Acoustic levitation
• Aerodynamic levitation
• Biefeld-Brown effect
• Ionocraft (Lifter)
• Van de Graff generator

{{Reflist}}

• [http://jnaudin.free.fr/lifters/main.htm JLN Labs: Levitators]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050624074059/http://esl.msfc.nasa.gov/ Electrostatic levitator — Marshall Space Flight Center]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050408094650/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/top_10_weird_list-7.html Electrostatic levitation raises dust particles off the surface of the moon]
• [http://www.nasatech.com/Briefs/Mar99/NPO20165.html Hybrid electric/acoustic levitation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050414172722/http://www.nasatech.com/Briefs/Mar99/NPO20165.html |date=2005-04-14 }}
• [http://www.intellect.pe.u-tokyo.ac.jp/research/es_lev/es_lev_e.html Electrostatic levitation and transportation of glass or silicon plates]
• [http://cmp.physics.iastate.edu/esl/Home.html Electrostatic levitation of various materials including silicon, cobalt palladium, aluminium and other compounds]

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Category:Electrostatics

Category:Levitation