en:1903 Tour de France

After the Dreyfus affair separated advertisers from the newspaper {{lang|fr|Le Vélo}}, a new newspaper {{lang|fr|L'Auto-Vélo}} was founded in 1900, with former cyclist Henri Desgrange as editor. After being forced to change the name of the newspaper to {{lang|fr|L'Auto}} in 1903, Desgrange needed something to keep the cycling fans; with circulation at 20,000, he could not afford to lose them.{{cite web |url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/veloarchive/races/tour/origins.htm |title=The Origins of the Tour de France |first=Tom |last=James |publisher=VeloArchive |date=4 April 2001 |access-date=24 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409045005/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/veloarchive/races/tour/origins.htm |archive-date=9 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}

When Desgrange and young employee Géo Lefèvre were returning from the Marseille–Paris cycling race,{{cite web |url=http://www.wielercentrum.com/tourdefrance/achtergronden/tourverhalen/1903--Maurice-Garin-wint-eerste-Tour-489.html |title=1903: Maurice Garin wint eerste Tour |language=nl |access-date=24 March 2009 |date=19 March 2003 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240524091313/https://www.webcitation.org/5gVcdAutX?url=http://www.tourdefrance.nl/achtergronden/tourverhalen/1903--Maurice-Garin-wint-eerste-Tour-489.html |archive-date=24 May 2024 |url-status=usurped }} Lefèvre suggested holding a race around France, similar to the popular six-day races on the track.{{cite journal|last=Noakes|first=T. D.|year=2006|title=The limits of endurance exercise|journal=Basic Research in Cardiology|volume=101|issue=5|pages=408–417|doi=10.1007/s00395-006-0607-2|pmid=16915533|s2cid=41890120 }} Desgrange proposed the idea to the financial controller Victor Goddet, who gave his approval, and on 19 January 1903, the Tour de France was announced in {{lang|fr|L'Auto}}.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2006|pp=4–10}}{{cite news|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4624741c/f1.item|date=19 January 1903|language=fr|work=l'Auto|title=Le Tour de France|first=Henri|last=Desgrange}}

It was to have been a five-week race, from 1 June to 5 July, with an entry fee of 20 francs. These conditions attracted very few cyclists: one week before the race was due to start, only 15 competitors had signed up. Desgrange then rescheduled the race from 1 to 19 July, increased the total prize money to 20,000 francs{{Dubious|Was the price money increased to 20.000?|date=May 2024}}, reduced the entry fee to 10 francs and guaranteed at least five francs a day to the first 50 cyclists in the classification. After that, 79 cyclists signed up for the race, of whom 60 actually started the race.

Géo Lefévre became the director, judge and time-keeper; Henri Desgrange was the {{lang|fr|directeur-général}}, although he did not follow the race.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

File:Garin03winner.jpg, the winner of the 1903 Tour de France.|alt=A black and white photograph of a man holding his bicycle and a little boy with a little bicycle, being looked upon by two other men.]]

The 1903 Tour de France was run in six stages. Compared to modern stage races, the stages were extraordinarily long, with an average distance of over {{convert|400|km|abbr=on}}, compared to the {{convert|171|km|abbr=on}} average stage length in the 2004 Tour de France; cyclists had one to three rest days between each stage, and the route was largely flat, with only one stage featuring a significant mountain. The cyclists were not grouped in teams but raced as individuals, and paid a fee of ten francs (about {{€|135}} at 2023 prices{{Cite web|url=https://www.inflationtool.com/euro/2003-to-present-value?amount=87&year2=2023&frequency=yearly|title=Value of 2003 Euro today - Inflation Calculator|website=www.inflationtool.com|accessdate=6 August 2023}}) to compete in the race for general classification, or five francs to enter a single stage.{{sfn|Wheatcroft|2007|p=}}{{page number|date=July 2020}} As the stages were so long, all but the first started before dawn: the last stage started at 21:00 the night before.{{sfn|Augendre|2016|p=5}}

The first Tour de France crossed no mountain passes, but several lesser cols. The first was the col du Pin-Bouchain ({{convert|759|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}), on the opening stage from Paris to Lyon, on what is now the old road from Roanne to Lyon. The stage from Lyon to Marseille included the col de la République ({{convert|1161|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}), also known as the col de Grand Bois, at the edge of St-Etienne.{{sfn|Woodland|2003|p=264}}

In 1903, it was normal for a professional cyclist to hire pacers, who would lead them during the race. Desgrange forbade this: it was originally intended that in the final, longest, stage pacers would be allowed, but this was rescinded after the fifth stage.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2006|pp=4–10}}{{cite book|last=Augendre|first=Jacques|year=1996|title=Le Tour de France: Panorama d'un siècle|publisher=Société du Tour de France|language=fr|page=9}}{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.nantes.fr/PAGES/DOSSIERS_DOCS/tourdefrance1903/tourdefrance1.htm|work=Le Populaire|date=17 July 1903|language=fr|title=Le Tour de France – Un incident Garin-Augereau|publisher=Archives municipales de Nantes|access-date=27 January 2010|archive-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722225736/http://www.archives.nantes.fr/PAGES/DOSSIERS_DOCS/tourdefrance1903/tourdefrance1.htm|url-status=dead}}

To ensure that the cyclists rode the entire route, stewards were stationed at various points around the course.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2006|pp=4–10}} The yellow jersey for the leader in the general classification had not yet been introduced, but the leader was identified by a green armband.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2006|pp=4–10}}

The fastest eight cyclists on each stage received a prize between 50 francs and 1,500 francs, varying per stage. The fourteen best cyclists in the general classification received a prize from 3,000 francs for the winner to 25 francs for fourteenth place. The remaining seven cyclists to finish in the general classification each received 95 francs, 5 francs for each of the 19 days that the race took, provided that they had not won more than 200 francs in prize money and did not have an average speed below {{convert|20|km/h|abbr=on}} on any stage.

{{main list|List of cyclists in the 1903 Tour de France}}

In contrast to modern stage races, a cyclist who gave up during a stage was allowed to start again the next stage, although he would no longer be in contention for the general classification. Thus Hippolyte Aucouturier, who gave up during the first stage, was able to return, and won the second and third stages. Charles Laeser, winner of the fourth stage, had not completed the third stage.

Sixty cyclists, all professionals or semi-professionals, started the race, of whom 49 were French, 4 Belgian, 4 Swiss, 2 German, and one Italian; 21 of them were sponsored by bicycle manufacturers, while 39 entered without commercial support.{{cite web|title=The history of the Tour de France – Year 1903 – The starters|url=http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1903/partants.html|work=Tour de France|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403025721/http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1903/partants.html|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.eu/dossiers/dos_reglmt_tdf1903.php|access-date=23 May 2024|title=Réglement du Tour de France 1903|publisher=Mémoire du cyclisme|work=L'Auto|language=fr}}{{cite journal|last=Torgler |first=Benno |year=2007 |title="La Grande Boucle": Determinants of Success at the Tour de France|journal=Journal of Sports Economics |volume=8 |issue= 3|pages=317–331 |doi=10.1177/1527002506287657|s2cid=58895810 }} 24 other cyclists took advantage of the opportunity to enter specific stages: one rode in both the second and fourth stages, and additionally three cyclists took part in the second stage, one in the third stage, fifteen in the fourth stage only, and a further four only competed in the fifth stage.

{{main|1903 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 3|1903 Tour de France, Stage 4 to Stage 6}}

File:1903cafeaurm.jpg

The pre-race favourites for the victory were Maurice Garin and Hippolyte Aucouturier. Garin dominated the race from the start by winning the first stage, a {{convert|471|km|abbr=on}} parcours from Paris to Lyon. The stage started at 15:16, and the cyclists initially rode with a speed of 35 km/h. The first cyclists abandoned after around {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}}. At 23:00, Garin and Emile Pagie, leading the race, reached the control point in Nevers. Garin expected at that point that they would finish at 8:00 the next morning. During the night, Garin's main rival, Aucouturier, had stomach cramps, and was unable to finish the stage.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2006|pp=4–10}}{{cite web|url=http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1903_1939/tdf1903_1.php |title=1ère étappe – Paris-Lyon – 467 kilomètres |language=fr |publisher=Mémoire du cyclisme |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503114533/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1903_1939/tdf1903_1.php |archive-date=3 May 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=24 March 2009 }} Also during that first stage, the first breach of the rules occurred: Jean Fischer had used a car as pacer, which was illegal.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2006|pp=4–10}} Pagie fell down, but got up again; he and Garin kept leading the race during the night. Around 9:00 in the morning, both reached Lyon. Garin got away from Pagie, and finished one minute ahead.

File:Wielrennen, Tour de France 1903, SFA001006411.jpg

Although Aucouturier had abandoned in the first stage, and so was not eligible for the general classification, he could still start the rest of the stages. In the second stage, Aucouturier was able to win the sprint. In the third stage, the cyclists who were competing for the general classification started one hour earlier than the other cyclists, including Aucouturier. At the end of that stage, a group of four cyclists had broken away, and Eugène Brange won the sprint. Aucouturier finished 27 minutes later, but this meant that he had run the course 33 minutes faster, so he was declared the winner of the stage.{{cite web|url=http://www.lagrandeboucle.com/article.php3?id_article=1344|publisher=La Grande Boucle|title=Etape 3: Marseille–Toulouse|language=fr|access-date=21 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713181258/http://www.lagrandeboucle.com/article.php3?id_article=1344|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=dead}} Garin retained the lead, helped by a crash of second-placed Pagie in the second stage, which eliminated him from the race.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2006|pp=4–10}}

In the fourth stage, Aucouturier had a clear lead and seemed set to win a third successive stage, but was caught using the slipstream of a car, and was removed from the race. Swiss Charles Laeser (who had abandoned in the 3rd stage) took the victory, becoming the first non-French winner. As in the third stage, the cyclists departed in two groups, and Laeser was in the second group because he was no longer contending for the general classification. Laeser finished more than 50 minutes after a group of six cyclists, but he had travelled the distance 4 minutes faster than them, so he was declared the winner.{{cite web|url=http://www.lagrandeboucle.com/article.php3?id_article=1345|publisher=La Grande Boucle|title=Etape 4: Toulouse–Bordeaux|language=fr|access-date=21 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713181313/http://www.lagrandeboucle.com/article.php3?id_article=1345|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=dead}}

At that point, Garin was leading, with Émile Georget almost two hours behind.{{cite web|url=http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1903_1939/tdf1903_4.php|title=1er Tour de France 1903 – 4ème étappe|publisher=Mémoire du cyclisme|language=fr|access-date=24 March 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090503113942/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1903_1939/tdf1903_4.php| archive-date=3 May 2009 | url-status= dead}} In the fifth stage, Georget had two flat tires, and fell asleep when he stopped at the side of the road to rest; he failed to finish. Thus Garin extended his lead by winning this stage, carrying nearly three hours' advantage into the final day's racing.{{cite web |url=http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1903/histoire.html |title=1903 – 1st Tour de France |publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation |access-date=24 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719132123/http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1903/histoire.html |archive-date=19 July 2009 |url-status=dead }} Garin had requested other cyclists in the leading group to let him win the stage, but Fernand Augereau refused to do this. Garin then had Lucien Pothier throw down his bicycle in front of Augereau, who fell, and Garin then bent Augereau's rear wheel. Augereau quickly obtained a spare bike and continued to the finish, however Garin easily won the sprint.{{cite web|url=http://www.lagrandeboucle.com/article.php3?id_article=1346|publisher=La Grande Boucle|title=Etape 5: Bordeaux–Nantes|language=fr|access-date=21 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713181352/http://www.lagrandeboucle.com/article.php3?id_article=1346|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=dead}} Augereau still received a prize of 100 francs from Velo-Sport Nantes for the fastest final kilometre of the stage in the Nantes velodrome.{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.nantes.fr/PAGES/DOSSIERS_DOCS/tourdefrance1903/tourdefrance1.htm|title=Le Tour de France – 5ème étape Bordeaux-Nantes (394 kil.)|language=fr|date=15 July 1903|work=Le Populaire|publisher=Archives municipales de Nantes|access-date=27 January 2010|archive-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722225736/http://www.archives.nantes.fr/PAGES/DOSSIERS_DOCS/tourdefrance1903/tourdefrance1.htm|url-status=dead}}

The last stage was the longest, at {{convert|471|km|abbr=on}}, and ran from Nantes to the small town of Ville-d'Avray, which lies between Versailles and Paris, instead of at the Parc des Princes velodrome. This was because of a bylaw forbidding road races to end on cycling tracks (a bylaw subsequently repealed in light of the race's success). Garin took his third stage win, and sealed overall victory by 2 hours 59 minutes 31 seconds: this remains the greatest margin of victory in the Tour de France.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2006|pp=4–10}} After arriving at Ville-d'Avray the riders were given a board marked with their finishing time and cycled on to Parc des Princes where they made several laps of honour. That day, 19 July, saw a large crowd at the velodrome to watch the riders and an earlier 100-km cycle race.{{cite book |last1=Leonard |first1=Max |title=Lanterne Rouge: The Last Man in the Tour de France |date=17 April 2014 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4481-5590-3 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3PvJAgAAQBAJ |language=en}}

File:Tour 1903 6.jpg rode a bicycle from La Française|alt=French text: "Tour de France (Paris-Lyon) – 1er M. Garin, Vainquer de Paris-Brest. 2e Pagie. Tous deux sur bicyclettes La Française, marque diamant, pneus munis de l'Hermetic. Battant plus de 60 concurrents".]]

In 1903, there was no distinction in the rules between plain stages and mountain stages; the icons shown here indicate whether the stage included mountains.

There were 21 cyclists who had completed all six stages. For these cyclists, the times taken for each stage were added up for the general classification. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the winner. The cyclists officially were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together,{{sfn|Thompson|2006|p=36}}

The circulation of {{lang|fr|L'Auto}} increased significantly due to this event; a special edition of 130,000 copies was made after the race was over,{{cite web|url=http://veloarchive.com/races/tour/1903.php|title=Victory for the Little Chimney Sweep|first=Tom|last=James|publisher=VeloArchive|date=14 August 2003|access-date=8 March 2010}} and normal circulation increased from 25,000 to 65,000. The big success made sure that the Tour de France was scheduled again for 1904.

The cyclists had also become national heroes. Maurice Garin returned for the 1904 Tour de France but his title defence failed when he was disqualified. With the prize money that he won in 1903, which totalled 6,075 francs, (approximately {{$|USD}}40,000 and GBP£23,000 in 2006 values{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2006|pp=4–10}}) Garin later bought a gas station, where he worked for the rest of his life.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2006|pp=4–10}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book|first=Jacques|last=Augendre|author-link=Jacques Augendre|url=http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf|title=Guide historique|trans-title=Historical guide|year=2016|language=fr|access-date=27 October 2016|location=Paris|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817121602/http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf|archive-date=17 August 2016|url-status=live}}
• {{cite book|last1=McGann|first1=Bill|last2=McGann|first2=Carol|title=The Story of the Tour de France: 1903–1964|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jxq20JskqMUC|publisher=Dog Ear Publishing|location=Indianapolis, IN|year=2006|isbn=978-1-59858-180-5}}
• {{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Christopher S.|title=The Tour de France: A Cultural History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-vUF6Y_4RUC|publisher=University of California Press|location=Oakland, CA|year=2006|isbn=978-0-520-24760-4}}
• {{cite book|last=Wheatcroft|first=Geoffrey|url=https://archive.org/details/letourhistoryoft0000whea|url-access=registration|title=Le Tour: A History of the Tour De France|location=New York City|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84739-086-8}}
• {{cite book|last=Woodland|first=Les|title=The Yellow Jersey Companion to the Tour de France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvCoAAAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Yellow Jersey Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-224-06318-0}}

• {{cite book|title=Mapping Le Tour|first=Ellis|last=Bacon|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|location=Glasgow|year=2014|pages=20–21|isbn=9780007543991|oclc=872700415}}
• {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WioCDQAAQBAJ|title=Butcher, Blacksmith, Acrobat, Sweep: The Tale of the First Tour de France|first=Peter|last=Cossins|publisher=Yellow Jersey Press|location=London|year=2017|isbn=9780224100656|oclc=989807647}}
• {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uHKba6joRZsC|title=Tour de France 1903: la nascita della Grande Boucle|last=Facchinetti|first=Paolo|year=2003|publisher=Ediciclo Editore|language=it|isbn=88-85318-88-6}}

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{{Cycling stage recaps|1903 Tour de France|1|3|4|6|teams_and_cyclists=cyclists}}

{{Tour de France general classification winners}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1903 Tour De France}}

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