engawa
{{Short description|Edging strip in Japanese architecture}}
{{italic title}}
File:Japon-1886-18.jpg {{transliteration|ja|engawa}} bearing a resemblance to a veranda, with people for scale. Note the slope of the ground under the {{transliteration|ja|engawa}}, and the traditional stone step.]]
File:Storm-door,amado,narita-city,japan.JPG}} ({{transliteration|ja|shōji}} with both paper and glass panes) inside. The solid wood {{transliteration|ja|amado}} leaning up against the corner is a storm shutter, and is usually stored away.]]
An {{nihongo||縁側/掾側|engawa}} or {{nihongo||縁|en}} is an edging strip of non-tatami-matted flooring in Japanese architecture, usually wood or bamboo. The {{transliteration|ja|en}} may run around the rooms, on the outside of the building, in which case they resemble a porch or sunroom.
Usually, the {{transliteration|ja|en}} is outside the translucent paper {{transliteration|ja|shōji}}, but inside the {{nihongo||雨戸|amado}} storm shutters (when they are not packed away).{{cite encyclopedia|script-title=ja:縁 |trans-title=En|encyclopedia=The Daijisen|publisher=Shougakukan|date=1995}}{{cite web|url=http://www.rothteien.com/superbait/shojiscreens.htm|title=Shoji Screens|website=www.rothteien.com}} However, some {{transliteration|ja|en}} run outside the {{transliteration|ja|amado}}. {{transliteration|ja|En}} that cannot be enclosed by {{transliteration|ja|amado}}, or sufficiently sheltered by eaves, must be finished to withstand the Japanese climate.{{cite web|url=http://kesterhouse.com/exterior/engawa.html|title=The Kester House & Garden|first=Kester, Jeffery|last=A.|date=18 March 2017|website=kesterhouse.com}} Modern architecture often encloses an {{transliteration|ja|en}} with sheet glass. An {{transliteration|ja|engawa}} allows the building to remain open in the rain or sun, without getting too wet or hot, and allows flexible ventilation and sightlines.
The area under an {{transliteration|ja|engawa}} is sloped away from the building, and often paved, to carry water away. The area directly outside the paving is usually a collector drain that takes water still further away. The {{transliteration|ja|engawa}} is thus a way to bridge the obstacles good drainage puts between the indoors and the outdoors.
Structure
The {{transliteration|ja|engawa}} is supported on posts, identical to the other uprights of the house. A row of uprights runs long the inside of the {{transliteration|ja|engawa}}, and the {{transliteration|ja|shōji}} sliding screens run between these; a second row of uprights runs along the outside of the {{transliteration|ja|engawa}}. The posts traditionally stand on half-buried stones, pounded into the earth with a specialized maul, and the wood posts shaped to fit the upper surface.{{cite book |title=Japanese Homes and their Surroundings |chapter=1: The House|url=https://www.kellscraft.com/JapaneseHomes/JapaneseHomesCh01.html |website=www.kellscraft.com | author=Edward S. Morse |date=1885}} More recent houses may use concrete footings.
The {{transliteration|ja|engawa}} floor may not be finished, or it may be polished or lacquered.
Terminology
File:Myoshinji_taizoin08n3.jpg
{{transliteration|ja|En}} means an edge; {{transliteration|ja|gawa}} a side.{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/engawa|title=The definition of engawa|website=www.dictionary.com}} The terms {{transliteration|ja|en}} and {{transliteration|ja|engawa}} were historically used interchangeably,{{cite web|title=Engawa 縁側|url=http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/e/engawa.htm|access-date=2008-07-20|publisher=Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System|website=www.aisf.or.jp}}{{cite web|url=http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/e/en.htm|title=En 縁|publisher=Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System|website=www.aisf.or.jp}} but {{transliteration|ja|engawa}} now generally refers to the veranda directly outside the shutters.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} Types of {{transliteration|ja|en}} include:
=Positional terms=
- {{nihongo||広縁|hiro-en}}, an inner {{transliteration|ja|en}}, possibly enclosed
- {{nihongo||落縁|ochi-en}}, an {{transliteration|ja|en}} set one step below the floor (or {{transliteration|ja|en}}) inside it
- {{nihongo3|{{lit|a wet {{transliteration|ja|en}}}}|濡れ縁|nure'en}}, an {{transliteration|ja|en}} protruding from under the eaves and not protected by {{transliteration|ja|amado}}.
If there are fewer than three {{transliteration|ja|en}}, an {{transliteration|ja|en}} may be described by more than one of the positional terms.{{cite web|url=http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/n/nureen.htm|title=Nure-en 濡縁|publisher=Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System|website=www.aisf.or.jp}}{{cite web|url=http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/o/ochien.htm|title=Ochi-en 落縁|publisher=Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System|website=www.aisf.or.jp}}
=Structural terms=
- {{nihongo||回縁|mawari-en}}, a wrap-around {{transliteration|ja|en}}, often a wrap-around veranda
- {{nihongo||切目縁|kirime-en}}, a {{transliteration|ja|en}} with boards running across its width
- {{nihongo||榑縁|kure-en}}, a {{transliteration|ja|en}} with boards running along its length
- {{nihongo||簀子縁|sunoko-en}}, a veranda with a slatted floor for better drainage
- {{nihongo||竹簀の子縁|takesunoko-en}}, a bamboo {{transliteration|ja|sunoko-en}}
File:Yakushi-do - Gokokuji - Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan - DSC07838.JPG|{{transliteration|ja|Mawari-en}}, an {{transliteration|ja|en}} which continues all around the building
File:風土記の丘の古い家､縁側 - panoramio.jpg|{{Transliteration|ja|Kirime-en}} showing traditional mitered corner treatment. {{transliteration|ja|Sunoko-en}} in foreground.
File:Ishibe shukubanosato13s3200.jpg|{{transliteration|ja|Kure-en}}. The gravel path may well double as a collector drain.
File:Raigoin (Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto)0751.JPG|Fast-draining {{transliteration|ja|takesunoko-en}} in lower right corner, near a tap
File:Geppa-ro.jpg|{{transliteration|ja|Takesunoko-en}} in the Geppa-rō rustic tea pavilion, overlooking the water at Katsura Imperial Villa (close-up, drainage)
File:Tabi miyage dai nishū, Ame no Kiyomizu-dera by Kawase Hasui.jpg|Broad {{transliteration|ja|nure-en}} at Kiyomizu-dera; the dry section may be seen to the right.
Relation to other house components
The core of a traditional Shinden-style building was the innermost room or {{nihongo||母屋|moya}} (see diagram). This was surrounded by the {{nihongo||廂,庇|hisashi}}, which was on the same level, and was usually inside the windows and {{transliteration|ja|shitomi}} storm shutters. The {{transliteration|ja|hisashi}} was often a ring of tatami-floored rooms, but could be an unmatted {{transliteration|ja|en}}; see also {{nihongo||広廂/広庇/弘廂|hirobisashi}}. In a large building, there could be further layers of tatami-floored rooms,{{cite web|url=http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/s/shindenzukuri.htm|title=Shinden-zukuri 寝殿造|publisher=Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System|website=www.aisf.or.jp}} courtyards, and further floorplan complications.
In Shoin-style buildings, the positioning of the {{transliteration|ja|engawa}} varied more, and the storm shutters slid rather than being hinged (usually horizontally). The modern Sukiya-style of building uses {{transliteration|ja|amado}}, storm shutters that not only slide but pack away in a cupboard called a {{transliteration|ja|to-bukura}} by day; unlike the Shoin-style shutter, these generally run on the outside of the {{transliteration|ja|engawa}}.
The width of an {{transliteration|ja|engawa}} varies with the building; {{cvt|1|–|1.3|m}} is common, while large temples may have over {{convert|3|m}} of {{transliteration|ja|engawa}}. The {{transliteration|ja|engawa}} is supported on posts, identical to the other uprights of the house. The posts stand on half-buried stones or concrete footings.
File:Moya_hisashi.svg|{{transliteration|ja|Moya}} and {{transliteration|ja|hisashi}}. The {{transliteration|ja|hisashi}} may itself be an {{transliteration|ja|en}} in small buildings, or it may be a second layer of tatami-floored rooms, with a hard-floored en running outside it.{{cite web|url=http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/h/hisashi.htm|title=Hisashi 廂|publisher=Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System|website=www.aisf.or.jp}}
Genji emaki TAKEKAWA Large.jpg|alt=A courtyard with {{transliteration|ja|en}} on the left and rear sides, a low sitting-height rail on the left side only, and {{transliteration|ja|sudare}} (bamboo roller blinds) flush to the right side; in the court, a single pink-flowering tree|{{transliteration|ja|En}} looking onto a courtyard, illustration {{circa|1130}}
吉田家住宅 中庭.jpg|alt=A garden courtyard with an {{transliteration|ja|en}} about {{convert|30|cm}} above the pale gravel, feature stones, a rain chain, and a planting of bamboo, ferns, grasses, and a creeping plant with small round leaves.|Low {{transliteration|ja|kirime-en}} running around a {{transliteration|ja|tsubo-niwa}} courtyard, 2012
File:Japanese House - Engawa.jpg|After rain; the eaves have kept the {{transliteration|ja|en}} mostly dry, and the {{transliteration|ja|en}} has kept the foundations of the house quite dry.
Cultural role
{{transliteration|ja|Engawa}} are often proportioned so that one can sit on the edge and observe the garden.{{cite web|url=https://archiscapes.wordpress.com/2015/01/15/japanese-traditional-engawa-space/|title=ELEMENTS - The Engawa|date=15 January 2015|publisher=Archiscapes}} They provide a space for playing children and casual visitors.{{cite web|url=http://www.oldphotosjapan.com/en/photos/274/woman-in-room|title=1890s • Woman in Room|publisher=Old Photos of Japan|first=Kjeld|last=Duits|date=14 June 2008}}
An {{transliteration|ja|engawa}} is part of the house, and shoes are therefore not worn on it. Guests' shoes are lined up pointing outwards.
While {{transliteration|ja|engawa}} declined with the Westernization of Japanese architecture, they are making a comeback in modern architecture.{{cite web|url=https://www.houzz.com/ideabooks/34439424/list/design-workshop-how-the-japanese-porch-makes-a-home-feel-larger/|title=Design Workshop: How the Japanese Porch Makes a Home Feel Larger|publisher=Houzz|first=Eric|last=Reinholdt|date=9 December 2014}}
File:Expo 2005 of Satsuki and Mei’s House 15.jpg|Cushions on an {{transliteration|ja|engawa}} protected by sliding glass doors. Note {{transliteration|ja|fume-ishi}}, stone step.
File:Jonge vrouw met lantaarn-Rijksmuseum RP-P-1956-612.jpeg|An {{transliteration|ja|engawa}} is part of the house, and shoes are therefore not worn on it.
File:Erinji garden and Corridors.JPG|An {{transliteration|ja|engawa}} overlooking Erin-ji Gardens.
File:Bewonderen van bloemstukken-Rijksmuseum RP-P-1961-30.jpeg|An {{transliteration|ja|engawa}} can open the house to the surrounding landscape.
File:SHUNSHO-3-women.jpg|Socializing on an {{transliteration|ja|engawa}}.
File:Three children drawing, (on panels), Japan, 1909 LCCN2001705661.tif|Children playing on an {{transliteration|ja|engawa}}; they are drawing on the {{transliteration|ja|shōji}}. Note shoes on {{transliteration|ja|fume-ishi}}.
File:『雨過洗庭之図』-A Garden Refreshed by the Passing Rain (Ukasentei no zu) MET DP147704.jpg|Traditional {{transliteration|ja|en}} in fancier buildings often have low railings,{{cite book |title=Japanese Homes and their Surroundings|chapter=5: Entrances and Approaches |url=https://www.kellscraft.com/JapaneseHomes/JapaneseHomesCh05.html |website=www.kellscraft.com | author=Edward S. Morse |date=1885}} for leaning on while sitting on the {{transliteration|ja|en}}. Westernization of clothing made sitting on the floor difficult; modern {{transliteration|ja|en}} often have standing-height railings
File:Tashiro_Family's_Old_Residence_03.jpg|Left, an {{transliteration|ja|en}} running between buildings, joining them.
File:Korshagenhus 2.jpg|Modern {{transliteration|ja|mawari-en}} in Denmark.
See also
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