englyn

The {{lang|cy|englyn}} is found in the work of the earliest attested Welsh poets (the {{lang|cy|cynfeirdd}}), where the main types are the three-line {{lang|cy|englyn milwr}} and {{lang|cy|englyn penfyr}}.Rowland, Jenny, Early Welsh Saga Poetry: A Study and Edition of the Englynion (Cambridge: Brewer, 1990), p. 305. It is the only set stanzaic metre found in the early Welsh poetic corpus, and explanations for its origins have tended to focus on stanzaic Latin poetry and hymns; however, it is as likely to be a development within the Brittonic poetic tradition.Rowland, Jenny, Early Welsh Saga Poetry: A Study and Edition of the Englynion (Cambridge: Brewer, 1990), pp. 305-8. Whereas the metrical rules of later {{lang|cy|englynion}} are clear (and are based on counting syllables), the precise metre of the early {{lang|cy|englynion}} is debated and could have involved stress-counting.Rowland, Jenny, Early Welsh Saga Poetry: A Study and Edition of the Englynion (Cambridge: Brewer, 1990), pp. 308-32. The earliest {{lang|cy|englynion}} are found as marginalia written in a tenth-century hand in the Juvencus Manuscript.A Selection of Early Welsh Saga Poems, ed. by Jenny Rowland (London: Modern Humanities Research Association, 2014), p. xxvi. Many early {{lang|cy|englynion}} form poems which seem to represent moments of characters' emotional reflection in stories now lost: {{lang|cy|Canu Llywarch Hen}}, {{lang|cy|Canu Urien}}, {{lang|cy|Canu Heledd}}. Others survey heroic tradition, for example the {{lang|cy|Englynion y Beddau}} or Geraint son of Erbin, and others again are lyric, religious meditations and laments such as the famous {{lang|cy|Claf Abercuawg}} and {{lang|cy|Kyntaw geir}}.

There are a number of types of {{lang|cy|englynion}}. Details of their structures are as follows; not all of these, however, are included in the Traditional Welsh poetic metres.

Also known as "the short-ended {{lang|cy|englyn}}". It consists of a stanza of three lines. The first line has ten syllables (in two groups of five), the second has five to six; and the third has seven. The seventh, eighth or ninth syllable of the first line introduces the rhyme and this is repeated on the last syllable of the other two lines. The fourth syllable of the second line may echo the final syllable of the first through either rhyme or consonance.

{{quote|1={{lang|cy|Oer gwly pysgawd yng nghysgawd iäen;

Cul hydd, cawn barfawd;

Byr diwedydd, gwŷdd gwyrawd.The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse, ed. by Thomas Parry (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962).{{rp|17}} }}}}

The "straight one-rhymed {{lang|cy|englyn}}", identical to {{lang|cy|englyn penfyr}} except that it adds a fourth, rhyming, seven-syllable line at the end. Thus it consists of four lines of ten, six, seven and seven syllables. The seventh, eighth or ninth syllable of the first line introduces the rhyme and this is repeated on the last syllable of the other three lines. The part of the first line after the rhyme alliterates with the first part of the second line.

This is an {{lang|cy|englyn unodl union}} by Alan Llwyd:

{{quote|1={{lang|cy|Ym Mhorth oer y Merthyron – y merthyr

Mwya'i werth o ddigon

A hir-fawrha y fro hon

Wr dewr o Aberdaron}}}}

The "soldier's {{lang|cy|englyn}}". This consists of three seven-syllable lines. All three lines rhyme.

{{quote|1={{lang|cy|Otid eiry, gwyn y cnes;

Nid â cedwyr i'w neges;

Oer llynnau, eu lliw heb des.{{rp|17}} }}}}

The "even {{lang|cy|englyn}}", more common in the Middle Ages than later. This consists of four seven-syllable lines. All four lines rhyme. One example (showing the half-rhyme of {{lang|cy|-edd}} with {{lang|cy|-er}}) is:

{{quote|1={{lang|cy|Cyntefin ceinaf amser,

Dydar adar, glas calledd,

Ereidr yn rhych, ych yng ngwedd,

Gwyrdd môr, brithotor tiredd.{{rp|16}} }}}}

The "short crooked {{lang|cy|englyn}}". This is like {{lang|cy|englyn penfyr}}, but orders the lines differently: seven syllables in the first, ten syllables (in two groups of five) in the second, and five to six syllables in the third. In the following example, the second line does not participate in the rhyme:

{{quote|1={{lang|cy|Ton tra thon toid tu tir;

Goruchel gwaeddau rhag bron bannau bre;

Braidd allan orsefir.{{rp|17}} }}}}

The "crooked one-rhyme {{lang|cy|englyn}}". This {{lang|cy|englyn}} is like {{lang|cy|englyn byr crwca}}, except that it adds an extra seven-syllable line at the beginning. This is made up of four lines of seven, seven, ten and six syllables. The last syllables of the first, second and last lines and the seventh, eighth or ninth syllable of the third line all rhyme.

The "seeking {{lang|cy|englyn}}". This form has four lines of seven syllables each. The final syllables of the first, second, and last line rhyme. The final syllable of the third line rhymes with the second, third or fourth syllable of the last line:

{{quote|1={{lang|cy|Caradawg fab Cedifor,

Gwalch byddin gwerin goror,

Hebawg teulu cu ceinmyn,

Anawdd gennyn dy hepgor.{{rp|30}} }}}}

In this {{lang|cy|englyn}}, there are four seven-syllable lines that half-rhyme with each other (half-rhyme means that the final consonants agree).

{{quote|1={{lang|cy|Adeiliwyd bedd, gwedd gwiwder,

F'enaid, i'th gylch o fynor:

Adeiliawdd cof dy alar

I'm calon ddilon ddolur.{{rp|50}} }}}}

This is identical to the {{lang|cy|englyn proest dalgron}} except that the half rhymes must use the {{lang|cy|ae}}, {{lang|cy|oe}}, {{lang|cy|wy}}, and {{lang|cy|ei}} diphthongs.

The "chain half-rhyme {{lang|cy|englyn}}". In this version there are four lines of seven syllables. The first and third lines rhyme and the second and fourth half rhyme on the same vowel sound as the full rhyme syllables.

The "reciprocal half-rhyme {{lang|cy|englyn}}". This has four lines of seven syllables. All four lines half-rhyme, and there is additional {{lang|cy|cynghanedd}}.

This is a hybrid between an {{lang|cy|englyn}} and a {{lang|cy|toddaid}}. The first two lines are as for an {{lang|cy|englyn}}, and there follow two more lines of ten syllables each.

After the first two lines there is just one more line of three syllables or fewer, which follows the rhyme of the first two lines.

Here are two {{lang|cy|englynion}} by the 12th-century Welsh poet {{lang|cy|Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr|italic=no}}:

{{quote|1={{lang|cy|Balch ei fugunawr ban nafawr ei lef

Pan ganer cyrn cydawr;

Corn Llywelyn llyw lluydfawr

Bon ehang blaen hang bloed fawr.

Corn wedi llad corn llawen

Corn llugynor Llywelyn

Corn gwyd gwydr ai can

Corn rueinell yn ol gellgwn}}}}

The poet Robert Graves wrote an {{lang|cy|englyn}} in English, included in the Juvinalia (1910–1914) of his Complete Poems

{{quote|1=A Pot of White Heather

Thou, a poor woman's fairing, white heather,

Witherest from the ending

Of summer's bliss to the sting

Of winter's grey beginning.}}

Here is an English-language {{lang|cy|englyn}} by novelist Robertson Davies.

{{quote|1=The Old Journalist

He types his laboured column—weary drudge!

Senile, fudge and solemn;

Spare, editor, to condemn

These dry leaves of his autumn.}}

Grace in the form of an {{lang|cy|englyn}} (with {{lang|cy|cynghanedd}} shown) in a poem by W. D. Williams:{{Cite web|url=https://lowrihafcooke.wordpress.com/2013/02/06/adolygiad-ffilm-the-last-days-of-dolwyn-pg/|title=Adolygiad Ffilm: The Last Days of Dolwyn (PG)|last=lowrihafcooke|date=2013-02-06|website=Lowri Haf Cooke|language=cy|access-date=2019-06-18}}

{{block quote|1=

{{lang|cy|O, Dad, yn deulu dedwydd – y deuwn}} [{{lang|cy|Dad}} and {{lang|cy|dedwydd}}, d<accent>d repeated]

{{lang|cy|Â diolch o newydd}}, [{{lang|cy|deuwn}} and {{lang|cy|diolch}}, d<accent> repeated]

{{lang|cy|Cans o'th law y daw bob dydd}} [{{lang|cy|law}} and {{lang|cy|daw}} rhyming, {{lang|cy|daw}} and {{lang|cy|dydd}}, d<accent> repeated, {{lang|cy|cynghanedd sain}}]

{{lang|cy|Ein lluniaeth a'n llawenydd.}} [{{lang|cy|ein lluniaeth}} and {{lang|cy|a'n llawenydd}}, ll<accent>n repeated]}}

{{block quote|1=O, Father, as a happy family – we come

With thanks anew,

For from your hand comes every day

Our sustenance and our joy.|sign=|source=}}

Breton poet {{lang|br|Padrig an Habask}} also writes Breton-language {{lang|cy|englynion}}; in 2020, he has published a collection of them called {{lang|br|Lampreiz}}. (http://brezhoneg.org/en/node/11057)

{{Portal|Cornwall|Wales}}

• {{lang|cy|Englynion y Beddau}}
• {{lang|cy|Englynion y Clywaid}}
• {{lang|cy|Cerdd dafod}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{citation |last=Rhys |first=John |author-link=John Rhys |year=1905 |editor-last=Evans |editor-first=E. Vincent |contribution=The Origin of the Welsh Englyn and Kindred Metres |title=Y Cymmrodor |volume=XVIII |publisher=Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion |publication-date=1905 |pages=1–185 |url=https://archive.org/stream/ycymmrodor18cymmuoft }}

{{Wiktionary}}

Category:Cornish literature

Category:Stanzaic form

Category:Welsh poetry