estonians
{{Short description|Finnic ethnic group native to Estonia}}
{{about-distinguish-text|the Finnic language speaking ethnic group|closely neighboring Baltic languages speaking ethnicities, the Balts}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Estonians
eestlased
| flag = Map of the Estonian Diaspora in the World.svg
| flag_caption = Countries with significant Estonian population and descendants.
| image =
| image_caption =
| pop = {{circa}} 1.1 million[https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/estai/ Estai]
| regions = {{EST}} 925,892 {{small|(2023)}}{{cite web|url=http://andmebaas.stat.ee/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=RV0222U|title=Population by ethnic nationality|publisher=Statistics Estonia|access-date=6 June 2021|date=June 2020}}{{center|{{small|Other significant population centers:}}}}
| region1 = {{FIN}}
| pop1 = 49,590–100,000{{efn|Statistics Finland does not record ethnicity and instead categorizes the population by their native language; in 2017, Estonian was spoken as a mother tongue by 49,590 people, not all of whom may be ethnic Estonians.}}{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html|title=Population|publisher=Statistics Finland|date=4 April 2018|access-date=6 June 2018}}{{cite web|url=http://bnn-news.com/100-000-estonians-work-finland-12318|title=Up to 100 000 Estonians work in Finland|date=27 December 2010|publisher=Baltic News Network|access-date=4 October 2018}}
| region2 = {{USA}}
| pop2 = 29,128{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B04006|title=Table B04006 - People Reporting Ancestry - 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=17 September 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220917224633/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B04006|archive-date=17 September 2022}}
| region4 = {{CAN}}
| region3 = {{SWE}}
| region6 = {{RUS}}
| pop6 = 7,778{{cite web| title=Национальный состав населения|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=Federal State Statistics Service|access-date=30 December 2022}}
| region5 = {{GBR}}
| pop5 = 10,000–15,000{{cite web|url=https://vm.ee/en/countries/united-kingdom?display=relations|title=United Kingdom|work=Ethnologue|access-date=12 May 2016}}
| region7 = {{AUS}}
| pop7 = 7,543{{cite web|url=http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/free.nsf/Lookup/C41A78D7568811B9CA256E9D0077CA12/$File/20540_2001%20(corrigendum).pdf|title=2054.0 Australian Census Analytic Program: Australians' Ancestries (2001 (Corrigendum))|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|year=2001|access-date=17 September 2011}}
| region8 = {{GER}}
| region9 = {{NOR}}
| pop9 = 5,092[http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2016-03-03 "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, 1 January 2016"]. Statistics Norway. Accessed 01 May 2016.
| region11 = {{UKR}}
| region12 = {{IRL}}
| region13 = {{BEL}}
| region14 = {{LAT}}
| region15 = {{DEN}}
| pop15 = 1,658{{cite web|url=https://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1440|title=Statistikbanken|website=www.statistikbanken.dk}}
Population at the first day of the quarter by country of origin, region and time. Retrieved on 23 May 2024.
| region16 = {{NED}}
| langs = Primarily Estonian
also Võro and Seto
| rels = Majority irreligious
Historically Protestant Christian (Lutheranism){{cite book|last1= Ivković|first1= Sanja Kutnjak|last2= Haberfeld|first2= M.R.|title= Measuring Police Integrity Across the World: Studies from Established Democracies and Countries in Transition|date= 10 June 2015|publisher= Springer |language=en |isbn= 9781493922796|page= 131|quote= Estonia is considered Protestant when classified by its historically predominant major religion (Norris and Inglehart 2011) and thus some authors (e.g., Davie 2003) claim Estonia belongs to Western (Lutheran) Europe, while others (e.g., Norris and Inglehart 2011) see Estonia as a Protestant ex-Communist society.}}{{cite web|title= Is Estonia really the least religious country in the world?|last= Ringvee|first= Ringo|date= 16 September 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/sep/16/estonia-least-religious-country-world|work= The Guardian|quote= For this situation there are several reasons, starting from the distant past (the close connection of the churches with the Swedish or German ruling classes) up to the Soviet-period atheist policy when the chain of religious traditions was broken in most families. In Estonia, religion has never played an important role on the political or ideological battlefield. The institutional religious life was dominated by foreigners until the early 20th century. The tendencies that prevailed in the late 1930s for closer relations between the state and Lutheran church [...] ended with the Soviet occupation in 1940.}}
{{small|Currently Lutheran and regional Eastern Orthodox (Estonian Apostolic Orthodox) minority}}
| related = Other Baltic Finns
}}
Estonians or Estonian people ({{langx|et|eestlased}}) are a Finnic ethnic group native to the Baltic Sea region in Northern Europe, primarily their nation state of Estonia.
Estonians primarily speak the Estonian language, a language closely related to other Finnic languages, e.g. Finnish, Karelian and Livonian. The Finnic languages are a subgroup of the larger Uralic family of languages, which also includes e.g. the Sami languages. These languages are markedly different from most other native languages spoken in Europe, most of which have been assigned to the Indo-European family of languages. Estonians can also be classified into subgroups according to dialects (e.g. Võros, Setos), although such divisions have become less pronounced due to internal migration and rapid urbanisation in Estonia in the 20th century.
There are approximately 1 million ethnic Estonians worldwide, with the vast majority of them residing in their native Estonia. Estonian diaspora communities formed primarily in Finland, the United States, Sweden, Canada, and the United Kingdom.
History
=Prehistoric roots=
Estonia was first inhabited about 13,000–11,000 years ago, when the Baltic Ice Lake melted. Living in the same area for more than 5,000 years would put Estonians' ancestors among Europe's oldest permanent inhabitants.[https://books.google.com/books?id=rWB3Bv3vuyMC Unrepresented Nations and peoples organization By Mary Kate Simmons; p141] {{ISBN|978-90-411-0223-2}} On the other hand, some recent linguistic estimations suggest that Finno-Ugric speakers arrived around the Baltic Sea considerably later, perhaps during the Early Bronze Age (ca. 1800 BCE).Petri Kallio 2006: Suomalais-ugrilaisen kantakielen absoluuttisesta kronologiasta. — Virittäjä 2006. (With English summary).{{cite web|author=Häkkinen, Jaakko|year= 2009|title=Kantauralin ajoitus ja paikannus: perustelut puntarissa. – Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja |page=92|url=http://www.sgr.fi/susa/92/hakkinen.pdf}} It has also been argued that Western Uralic tribes reached Fennoscandia first, leading into the development of the Sámi peoples, and arrived in the Baltic region later in the Bronze Age or the transition to the Iron Age at the latest. This lead into the formation of Baltic Finnic peoples, who would later become such groups as Estonians and Finns.Lang, Valter: Homo Fennicus – Itämerensuomalaisten etnohistoria, pp. 335–336. Finnish Literature Society, 2020. {{ISBN|978-951-858-130-0}}
The oldest known endonym of the Estonians is {{lang|et|maarahvas}},{{cite journal | last1 = Ariste | first1 = Paul | year = 1956 | title = Maakeel ja eesti keel. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised 5: 117–24; Beyer, Jürgen (2007). Ist maarahvas ('Landvolk'), die alte Selbstbezeichnung der Esten, eine Lehnübersetzung? Eine Studie zur Begriffsgeschichte des Ostseeraums | journal = Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung | volume = 56 | pages = 566–593 }} literally meaning "land people" or "country folk". It was used until the mid-19th century, when it was gradually replaced by Eesti rahvas "Estonian people" during the Estonian national awakening.{{cite journal |last1=Beyer |first1=Jürgen |title=Are Folklorists Studying the Tales of the Folk? |journal=Folklore |date=April 2011 |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=35–54 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.2011.537132 |s2cid=144633422 }}{{cite journal|last1=Paatsi|first1=Vello|title="Terre, armas eesti rahwas!": Kuidas maarahvast ja maakeelest sai eesti rahvas, eestlased ja eesti keel |journal=Akadeemia |year=2012|volume=24|issue=2|pages=20–21|url=https://www.etis.ee/File/DownloadPublic/aa07f8ed-f66e-4e93-95be-c401698b6b61?name=Fail_Tere%2C%20armas%20eesti%20rahvas.pdf&type=application%2Fpdf |issn=0235-7771 |language=et |access-date=21 January 2020}} Eesti, the modern endonym of Estonia, is thought to have similar origins to Aesti, the name used by the Germanic peoples for the neighbouring people living northeast of the mouth of the Vistula. The Roman historian Tacitus in 98 CE was the first to mention the "Aesti" in writing. In Old Norse, the land south of the Gulf of Finland was called Eistland and the people eistr. The Wanradt–Koell Catechism, the first known book in Estonian, was printed in 1525, while the oldest known examples of written Estonian originate in 13th-century chronicles.
=National consciousness=
File:Russa literacy 1897.jpg (map of 1897 census literacy data)]]
File:Talumehed kaarte mängimas, Oskar Hoffmann, EKM j 190-768 M 957.jpg, ca 1895)]]
{{multiple image |direction=vertical |align=right |width=220
|image1=Eesti rahvarõivad-EE 1.jpg
|image2=Eesti rahvarõivad-EE 2.jpg
|footer=Selection of 19th century Estonian festive folk costumes (by region, from top, left to right: Kadrina, Mihkli, Seto, Paistu, Muhu, Karja, Tõstamaa, Pärnu-Jaagupi)}}
Although Estonian national consciousness spread in the course of the 19th century during the Estonian national awakening,{{cite journal | last1 = Gellner | first1 = Ernest | year = 1996 | title = Do nations have navels? | journal = Nations and Nationalism | volume = 2 | issue = 3| pages = 365–70 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8219.1996.tb00003.x }} some degree of ethnic awareness preceded this development.{{cite journal | last1 = Raun | first1 = Toivo U | year = 2003 | title = Nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Estonian nationalism revisited | journal = Nations and Nationalism | volume = 9 | issue = 1| pages = 129–147 | doi=10.1111/1469-8219.00078}} By the 18th century the self-denomination {{lang|et|eestlane}} spread among Estonians along with the older {{lang|et|maarahvas}}. Anton thor Helle's translation of the Bible into Estonian appeared in 1739, and the number of books and brochures published in Estonian increased from 18 in the 1750s to 54 in the 1790s. By 1800, more than a half of adult Estonians could read. The first university-educated intellectuals identifying themselves as Estonians, including Friedrich Robert Faehlmann (1798–1850), Kristjan Jaak Peterson (1801–1822) and Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald (1803–1882), appeared in the 1820s. The ruling elites had remained predominantly German in language and culture since the conquest of the early 13th century. Garlieb Merkel (1769–1850), a Baltic-German Estophile, became the first author to treat the Estonians as a nationality equal to others; he became a source of inspiration for the Estonian national movement, modelled on Baltic German cultural world before the middle of the 19th century. However, in the middle of the century, Estonians became more ambitious and started leaning toward the Finns and their so-called Fennoman movement as successful model of national movement. By the end of 1860s, the Estonians became unwilling to reconcile with German cultural and political hegemony. Before the attempts at Russification in the 1880s, their view of the Russian Empire remained positive.
Estonians have strong ties to the Nordic countries stemming from important cultural and religious influences gained over centuries during Scandinavian and German rule and settlement.Piirimäe, Helmut. Historical heritage: the relations between Estonia and her Nordic neighbors. In M. Lauristin et al. (eds.), Return to the Western world: Cultural and political perspectives on the Estonian post-communist transition. Tartu: Tartu University Press, 1997. According to a poll done in 2013, about half of the young Estonians considered themselves Nordic, and about the same number viewed Baltic identity as important. The Nordic identity among Estonians can ovelap with other identities, as it is associated with being Finno-Ugric and their close relationship with the Finnish people and does not exclude being Baltic.{{Cite web |date=2021-12-28 |title=How Nordic is Estonia?: An overview since 1991 |url=https://nordics.info/show/artikel/how-nordic-is-estonia-an-overview-since-1991 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=nordics.info |language=en}} In Estonian foreign ministry reports from the early 2000s Nordic identity was preferred over Baltic one.[http://web-static.vm.ee/static/failid/220/eesti_elu.pdf Estonian foreign ministry report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013626/http://web-static.vm.ee/static/failid/220/eesti_elu.pdf |date=25 March 2009 }}, 2004[http://web-static.vm.ee/static/failid/273/Eesti%20elu.pdf Estonian foreign ministry report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307050758/http://web-static.vm.ee/static/failid/273/Eesti%20elu.pdf |date=7 March 2008 }}, 2002
After the Treaty of Tartu (1920) recognised Estonia's 1918 independence from Russia, ethnic Estonians residing in Russia gained the option to acquire the citizenship of Estonia upon returning to the newly independent country. An estimated 40,000 Estonians lived in Russia in 1920, and 37,578 people resettled from Russia to Estonia in 1920–1923.
Emigration
During the period of Tsarist rule of Estonia (1710-1917), over 100,000 Estonians migrated to the neighbouring areas of the Russian Empire, especially to the then capital city Saint Petersburg. According to the 1897 census, 6,852 native Estonian-speakers also lived in the Russian Partition of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in what is now Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia and western Ukraine, of which over 4,360 lived in territories of today's Poland.{{cite web|url=https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php?reg=2|title=Привислинские губернии|website=Demoscope Weekly|access-date=9 January 2024}}
Genetics
= Uniparental haplogroups =
Y-chromosome haplogroups among Estonians include N1c (35.7%),Lang, Valter: Homo Fennicus – Itämerensuomalaisten etnohistoria, pp. 93–95. Finnish Literature Society, 2020. {{ISBN|978-951-858-130-0}}. R1a (33.5%){{Cite journal |last1=Tambets |first1=Kristiina |last2=Rootsi |first2=Siiri |last3=Kivisild |first3=Toomas |last4=Help |first4=Hela |last5=Serk |first5=Piia |last6=Loogväli |first6=Eva-Liis |last7=Tolk |first7=Helle-Viivi |last8=Reidla |first8=Maere |last9=Metspalu |first9=Ene |last10=Pliss |first10=Liana |last11=Balanovsky |first11=Oleg |last12=Pshenichnov |first12=Andrey |last13=Balanovska |first13=Elena |last14=Gubina |first14=Marina |last15=Zhadanov |first15=Sergey |date=2004 |title=The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic "Outliers" Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=661–682 |doi=10.1086/383203 |pmc=1181943 |pmid=15024688}} and I1 (15%). R1a, common in Eastern Europe, was the dominant Y-DNA haplogroup among the pre-Uralic inhabitants of Estonia, as it is the only one found in the local samples from the time of the Corded Ware culture and Bronze Age. Appearance of N1c is linked to the arrival of Uralic-speakers.{{cite journal |last1=Saag |first1=Lehti |last2=Laneman |first2=Margot |last3=Varul |first3=Liivi |last4=Malve |first4=Martin |last5=Valk |first5=Heiki |last6=Razzak |first6=Maria A. |last7=Shirobokov |first7=Ivan G. |last8=Khartanovich |first8=Valeri I. |last9=Mikhaylova |first9=Elena R. |last10=Kushniarevich |first10=Alena |last11=Scheib |first11=Christiana Lyn |last12=Solnik |first12=Anu |last13=Reisberg |first13=Tuuli |last14=Parik |first14=Jüri |last15=Saag |first15=Lauri |date=May 2019 |title=The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East |journal=Current Biology |volume=29 |issue=10 |pages=1701–1711.e16 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026 |pmc=6544527 |pmid=31080083 |last16=Metspalu |first16=Ene |last17=Rootsi |first17=Siiri |last18=Montinaro |first18=Francesco |last19=Remm |first19=Maido |last20=Mägi |first20=Reedik |last21=D’Atanasio |first21=Eugenia |last22=Crema |first22=Enrico Ryunosuke |last23=Díez-del-Molino |first23=David |last24=Thomas |first24=Mark G. |last25=Kriiska |first25=Aivar |last26=Kivisild |first26=Toomas |last27=Villems |first27=Richard |last28=Lang |first28=Valter |last29=Metspalu |first29=Mait |last30=Tambets |first30=Kristiina|bibcode=2019CBio...29E1701S }} It originated in East Eurasia{{Cite journal |last1=Tambets |first1=Kristiina |last2=Yunusbayev |first2=Bayazit |last3=Hudjashov |first3=Georgi |last4=Ilumäe |first4=Anne-Mai |last5=Rootsi |first5=Siiri |last6=Honkola |first6=Terhi |last7=Vesakoski |first7=Outi |last8=Atkinson |first8=Quentin |last9=Skoglund |first9=Pontus |last10=Kushniarevich |first10=Alena |last11=Litvinov |first11=Sergey |last12=Reidla |first12=Maere |last13=Metspalu |first13=Ene |last14=Saag |first14=Lehti |last15=Rantanen |first15=Timo |date=2018 |title=Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations |journal=Genome Biology |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=139 |doi=10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1 |issn=1474-760X |pmc=6151024 |pmid=30241495 |doi-access=free }} and is commonly carried by modern Uralic-speaking groups but also other North Eurasians, including Estonians' Baltic-speaking neighbors Latvians and Lithuanians. Compared to the Balts, Estonians have been noticed to have differences in allelic variances of N1c haplotypes, showing more similarity with other Finno-Ugric-speakers.{{Cite journal |last1=Krūmiņa |first1=Astrīda |last2=Pliss |first2=Liāna |last3=Zariņa |first3=Gunita |last4=Puzuka |first4=Agrita |last5=Zariņa |first5=Agnese |last6=Lāce |first6=Baiba |last7=Elferts |first7=Didzis |last8=Khrunin |first8=Andrey |last9=Limborska |first9=Svetlana |last10=Kloviņš |first10=Jānis |last11=Gailīte Piekuse |first11=Linda |date=2018-06-01 |title=Population Genetics of Latvians in the Context of Admixture between North-Eastern European Ethnic Groups |journal=Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. |language=en |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=131–151 |doi=10.2478/prolas-2018-0025 |issn=1407-009X|doi-access=free }}Lappalainen, Tuuli: Human genetic variation in the Baltic Sea region: features of population history and natural selection. PhD thesis. Helsinki University Print, Helsinki. 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10138/22129
When looking at maternal lineages, nearly half (45 %) of the Estonians have the haplogroup H . About one in four (24.2 %) carry the haplogroup U, and the majority of them belong to its subclade U5.
= Autosomal DNA =
File:Figure 2a (Cropped) PCA of Europeans.jpg
File:PCA of 2305 Estonian samples.webp
Autosomally Estonians are close with Latvians, Lithuanians and Russians (especially Northwestern Russians).{{Cite journal |last1=Tambets |first1=Kristiina |last2=Yunusbayev |first2=Bayazit |last3=Hudjashov |first3=Georgi |last4=Ilumäe |first4=Anne-Mai |last5=Rootsi |first5=Siiri |last6=Honkola |first6=Terhi |last7=Vesakoski |first7=Outi |last8=Atkinson |first8=Quentin |last9=Skoglund |first9=Pontus |last10=Kushniarevich |first10=Alena |last11=Litvinov |first11=Sergey |last12=Reidla |first12=Maere |last13=Metspalu |first13=Ene |last14=Saag |first14=Lehti |last15=Rantanen |first15=Timo |date=2018 |title=Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations |journal=Genome Biology |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=139 |doi=10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1 |issn=1474-760X |pmc=6151024 |pmid=30241495 |doi-access=free}} However, they are shifted towards the Finns, who are isolated from most European populations.{{Cite journal |last1=Nelis |first1=Mari |last2=Esko |first2=Tõnu |last3=Mägi |first3=Reedik |last4=Zimprich |first4=Fritz |last5=Zimprich |first5=Alexander |last6=Toncheva |first6=Draga |last7=Karachanak |first7=Sena |last8=Piskáčková |first8=Tereza |last9=Balaščák |first9=Ivan |last10=Peltonen |first10=Leena |last11=Jakkula |first11=Eveliina |last12=Rehnström |first12=Karola |last13=Lathrop |first13=Mark |last14=Heath |first14=Simon |last15=Galan |first15=Pilar |date=2009-05-08 |title=Genetic Structure of Europeans: A View from the North–East |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=e5472 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5472N |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005472 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=2675054 |pmid=19424496 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last1=Kushniarevich |first1=Alena |last2=Utevska |first2=Olga |last3=Chuhryaeva |first3=Marina |last4=Agdzhoyan |first4=Anastasia |last5=Dibirova |first5=Khadizhat |last6=Uktveryte |first6=Ingrida |last7=Möls |first7=Märt |last8=Mulahasanovic |first8=Lejla |last9=Pshenichnov |first9=Andrey |last10=Frolova |first10=Svetlana |last11=Shanko |first11=Andrey |last12=Metspalu |first12=Ene |last13=Reidla |first13=Maere |last14=Tambets |first14=Kristiina |last15=Tamm |first15=Erika |date=2015-09-02 |editor-last=Calafell |editor-first=Francesc |title=Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=e0135820 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1035820K |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0135820 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4558026 |pmid=26332464 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last1=Khrunin |first1=Andrey V. |last2=Khokhrin |first2=Denis V. |last3=Filippova |first3=Irina N. |last4=Esko |first4=Tõnu |last5=Nelis |first5=Mari |last6=Bebyakova |first6=Natalia A. |last7=Bolotova |first7=Natalia L. |last8=Klovins |first8=Janis |last9=Nikitina-Zake |first9=Liene |last10=Rehnström |first10=Karola |last11=Ripatti |first11=Samuli |last12=Schreiber |first12=Stefan |last13=Franke |first13=Andre |last14=Macek |first14=Milan |last15=Krulišová |first15=Veronika |date=2013-03-07 |title=A Genome-Wide Analysis of Populations from European Russia Reveals a New Pole of Genetic Diversity in Northern Europe |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=e58552 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...858552K |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0058552 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3591355 |pmid=23505534 |doi-access=free}} Northeastern Estonians are particularly close to Finns, while southeastern Estonians are close to the Balts; other Estonians plot between these two extremes.
Estonians have high steppe-like admixture, and less farmer-related and more hunter-gatherer-related admixture than Western and Central Europeans. The same pattern is found also in the Balts, Finns and Mordvins, for example.{{Cite journal |last=Salmela |first=Elina |date=2023 |title=Mistä suomalaisten perimä on peräisin? |url=https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/en/publications/mist%C3%A4-suomalaisten-perim%C3%A4-on-per%C3%A4isin |journal=Duodecim |volume=139 |issue=16 |pages=1247–1255 |issn=0012-7183}} Uralic peoples typically carry a Siberian-related component, which is also present in Estonians and makes up about five percent of their ancestry on average. Although they have a smaller share of it than other Finnic-speakers, it is one factor that distinguishes them from the Balts. Estonians can also be modelled to have considerably more Finnish-like ancestry than Baltic-speakers.
Estonians have a high sharing of IBD (identity-by-descent) segments with other studied Finnic groups (Finns, Karelians and Vepsians) and the Sami people, as well as with the Polish people.
See also
Notes
{{Notelist}}
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- {{cite journal
| last = Petersoo
| first = Pille
|date=January 2007
| title = Reconsidering otherness: constructing Estonian identity
| journal = Nations and Nationalism
| volume = 13
| issue = 1
| pages = 117–133
| doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8129.2007.00276.x
}}
External links
{{Commons category|People of Estonia}}
{{Wikiquote}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20090603051543/http://www.eesti.ee/rahvuskaaslased/ Office of the Minister for Population and Ethnic Affairs: Estonians abroad]
- [http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/fromestonia/ From Estonia to Thirlmere] (online exhibition)
- [http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/ournewhome/ Our New Home Meie Uus Kodu: Estonian-Australian Stories] (online exhibition)
{{European diasporas}}
{{EstonianDiaspora}}
{{Ethnic groups in Estonia}}
{{Estonia topics}}
{{Uralic peoples}}
{{Authority control}}