ethnic history
Ethnic history is a branch of social history that studies ethnic groups and immigrants. Barkan (2007) argues that the field allows historians to use alternate models of interpretation, unite qualitative and quantitative data, apply sociological models to historical patterns, examine more deeply macro-level policies and decisions, and, especially, empathize with the ethnic groups under study.
Defining the field
Ethnic history is especially important in the U.S. and Canada. Oscar Handlin (b. 1915), the director of scores of PhD dissertations at Harvard University was an important pioneer and sponsor of ethnic historiography. Handlin's Pulitzer-prize-winning interpretation, The Uprooted (1951) was highly influential.Oscar Handler and Mary F. Handler, "The New History and the Ethnic Factor in American Life," Perspectives in American History, 1970, Vol. 4, pp 5-24
Major encyclopedias have helped define the field; Handlin sponsored one published by Harvard University Press in 1980 that received wide media attention because it tied in with an American interest in their roots.{{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Thernstrom|editor-first=Stephan|editor-link=Stephan Thernstrom|editor-last2=Orlov|editor-first2=Ann|editor-last3=Handlin|editor-first3=Oscar|editor-link3=Oscar Handlin|title=Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups|url=https://archive.org/details/harvardencyclope00ther|year=1980|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0674375122|oclc=1038430174}}Paul R. Magocsi, ed. Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples (1999) [https://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC excerpt and text search]
Perin (1983) looks at the historiography of Canadian ethnic history and finds two alternative methodologies. One is more static and emphasizes how closely immigrant cultures replicate the Old World. This approach tends to be filiopietistic. The alternative approach has been influenced by the recent historiography on labor, urban, and family history. It sees the immigrant community as an essentially North American phenomenon and integrates it into the mainstream of Canadian culture.Roberto Perin, "Clio as Ethnic: The Third Force in Canadian Historiography," Canadian Historical Review, Dec 1983, Vol. 64 Issue 4, pp441-467
McDonald (2007) identifies five main areas of interest for scholarship on U.S. ethnic history: the origins and meaning of ethnicity, particularly the issue of whether it is inherited or invented; the origins of ethnic diversity (such as conquest, immigration, involuntary migration); models of ethnic adaptation (especially the Melting Pot, mosaic, salad bowl and kaleidoscope metaphors); ethnic incorporation into the social, economic, and political fabric of the receiving country; and minority group survival strategies, including responses to competing forms of allegiance like class and gender.Jason McDonald. American Ethnic History: Themes and Perspectives. (2007), {{ISBN|978-0-8135-4227-0}}
Much research is done by reading the letters immigrants wrote to relatives back home, often comparing the advantages and disadvantages of their new lives.Walter D. Kamphoefner, "Immigrant Epistolary and Epistemology: On the Motivators and Mentality of Nineteenth-Century German Immigrants." Journal of American Ethnic History (2009): 34-54. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40543427 in JSTOR], on deep-reading their letters
A significant trend has been to integrate ethnic history with other new historiographical tendencies, such as Atlantic history,Colin Kidd, British Identities before Nationalism: Ethnicity and Nationhood in the Atlantic World, 1600-1800 (1999) labor history or women's history.
Organizations
The Immigration and Ethnic History Society was formed in 1965 and publishes a journal for libraries and its 829 members.See [http://www.historians.org/affiliates/immigration_ethnic_his_soc.htm Immigration and Ethnic History Society]
- The American Conference for Irish Studies, founded in 1960, has 1,700 members and has occasional publications but no journal.See [http://www.acisweb.com/index.php American Conference for Irish Studies] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109234435/http://www.acisweb.com/index.php |date=2011-01-09 }}
- The American Italian Historical Association was founded in 1966 and has 400 members; it does not publish a journal See [http://www.aihaweb.org/ American Italian Historical Association]
- The American Jewish Historical Society is the oldest ethnic society, founded in 1892; it has 3,300 members and publishes American Jewish HistorySee [http://www.ajhs.org American Jewish Historical Society] and [http://www.ajhs.org/academic/history.cfm journal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512203751/https://ajhs.org/ |date=2022-05-12 }}
- The Polish American Historical Association was founded in 1942, and publishes a newsletter and Polish American Studies, an interdisciplinary, refereed scholarly journal twice each year.See [http://www.polishamericanstudies.org/index.html PAHA website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223111453/http://www.polishamericanstudies.org/index.html |date=2017-12-23 }}
- H-ETHNIC is a daily discussion list founded in 1993 with 1400 members; it covers topics of ethnicity and migration globally.see [http://www.h-net.org/~ethnic/ H-ETHNIC website]
See also
- Emigration from Europe
- European American
- White Latin American
- Ethnic groups in the Middle East
- Historical immigration to Great Britain
- Immigration to the United Kingdom since 1922
- Immigration to Argentina
- Immigration to Australia
- Immigration to Brazil
- Immigration to Canada
- Immigration to Europe
- Immigration to the United States
- Languages of Europe
- List of ethnic groups
- Carl Frederick Wittke
- Oscar Handlin
- Theodore C. Blegen
Notes
Bibliography
- Barkan, Elliott R. "Changing Borders, Moving Boundaries: Lessons from Thirty-five Years of Interdisciplinary and Multi-ethnic Research," Journal of American Ethnic History, Jan 2007, Vol. 26 Issue 2, pp 85–99
- Gabaccia, Donna R. and Ruiz, Vicki L., eds. American Dreaming, Global Realities: Rethinking U.S. Immigration History (2006)
- Glazier, Michael, ed. The Encyclopedia of the Irish in America (1999), articles by over 200 experts, covering both Catholics and Protestants.
- Hoerder, Dirk. "Ethnic studies in Canada from the 1880s to 1962: A historiographical perspective and critique," Canadian Ethnic Studies, 1994, Vol. 26 Issue 1, pp 1–18
- Levinson, David. Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook, (1998), {{ISBN|978-1-57356-019-1}}
- McDonald, Jason. American Ethnic History: Themes and Perspectives. (2007) {{ISBN|978-0-8135-4227-0}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=InEqAAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions]
- Magocsi, Paul Robert, ed. Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples (1999), comprehensive scholarly guide to nearly all ethnic groups
- Minahan, James. One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups (2000), {{ISBN|0-313-30984-1}}
- Øverland, Orm, ed. Not English Only: Redefining “American” in American Studies (Amsterdam: VU University Press, 2001). 202 pp.
- Palmer, Howard. "Canadian Immigration and Ethnic History in the 1970s and 1980s," International Migration Review, Fall 1981, Vol. 15 Issue 3, pp 471–501
- Thernstrom, Stephan; Orlov, Ann; Handlin, Oscar, eds. [https://archive.org/details/harvardencyclope00ther Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups]. Harvard University Press. {{isbn|0674375122}}.