euthanasia in Mexico
{{short description|Legal history of euthanasia in Mexico}}
{{Update|reason=More States legalized passive euthanasia|date=December 2021}}
{{update section|date=December 2021}}
[[File:Euthanasia_in_Mexico_by_state.svg|thumb|350px|right|Current status of euthanasia in Mexico:
{{legend|#5984a3ff|Passive euthanasia is legal}}
{{legend|#cddae0ff|Not legislated}}
]]
Legislation on euthanasia in Mexico distinguishes between passive and active euthanasia. Since 7 January 2008, the law allows the terminally ill —or closest relatives, if unconscious— to refuse medication or further medical treatment that may extend life (known as passive euthanasia) in Mexico City,{{cite news|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/472474.html|title=Publica GDF Ley de Voluntad Anticipada|date=7 January 2008|newspaper=El Universal|agency=Notimex|language=Spanish|accessdate=25 September 2009|location=Mexico City|archive-date=14 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014015516/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/472474.html|url-status=dead}} in the state of Aguascalientes (since 6 April 2009){{cite news|url=http://www.lja.mx/2009/04/solo-falta-reglamentar-la-voluntad-anticipada-para-aplicarla-ruvalcaba/|title=Sólo falta reglamentar la voluntad anticipada para aplicarla: Ruvalcaba |date=8 April 2009 |newspaper=La Jornada Aguascalientes |language=Spanish |accessdate=26 September 2009|first=Susana | last=Rodríguez |author2=Salazar, Aníbal}} and, since 1 September 2009, in the state of Michoacán.{{cite news|url=http://eleconomista.com.mx/notas-online/politica/2009/09/01/michoacan-aprueba-ley-voluntad-anticipada|title=Michoacán aprueba Ley de Voluntad Anticipada|date=1 September 2009|newspaper=El Economista| agency=Notimex |language=Spanish| accessdate=25 September 2009| location=Morelia, Mexico}}
While the exact procedure may vary, the regional laws dealing with living wills —usually called {{lang|es|leyes de Voluntad Anticipada}}— generally require a notary public to witness the instructions left by the patient.
As for active euthanasia, the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) and the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) have introduced bills to decriminalize it in both the Senate (2007){{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKN1238979720070413|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201085256/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKN1238979720070413|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 1, 2013|title=Mexico moves to legalise euthanasia |date=13 April 2007|agency=Reuters |accessdate=25 September 2009|location=Mexico City}} and the Legislative Assembly of the Federal District (2009),{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/cultura_sociedad/2009/11/091125_0439_eutanasia_mexico_mz.shtml|title=Crece debate por eutanasia en México DF |date=26 November 2009|newspaper=BBC Mundo|language= Spanish|accessdate=23 December 2010|last=Barría|first=Cecilia}} but have failed to change the Article 166 bis 21 of the General Health Law, which still defines euthanasia as mercy homicide.{{cite news|url=http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?id_nota=482389|title=PAN y PRD matan la ley priista de eutanasia en ALDF|date=21 January 2010|last=Cruz González|first=René|language=Spanish|accessdate=23 December 2010|newspaper=La Crónica de Hoy|location=Mexico City|archive-date=20 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320052133/http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?id_nota=482389|url-status=dead}} In addition, {{as of|2010|12|lc=y}}, 18 out of 31 states have modified their constitution under pressure from the dominant Catholic Church to protect the right to life "from the moment of conception until natural death",{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/08/AR2005070801730.html|title=Euthanasia Stance Affirmed in Mexico|last=Bremer|first=Catherine|date=9 July 2005|newspaper=Washington Post| agency=Reuters|page=B08 |accessdate=25 September 2009}} effectively discarding any initiative contemplating active euthanasia within state borders.
Practice
{{Euthanasia}}
Official statistics are scarce, but bioethicist Horacio García Romero claims that up to 45% of the terminally-ill patients in the country demand some form of passive euthanasia.{{cite news|url=http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?id_nota=315674|title=En México, 45% de enfermos terminales son sometidos a eutanasia pasiva, dice especialista en bioética|last=Sánchez Limón|first=Moisés|date=5 August 2007|newspaper=La Crónica de Hoy|language=Spanish|accessdate=25 September 2009|location=Mexico City|archive-date=22 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222042429/http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?id_nota=315674|url-status=dead}} In October 2010, the secretary of health for Mexico City announced that, since the legalization of passive euthanasia, 497 patients have formalized the process,{{cite news|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/ciudad/103621.html|title=497 personas asumen ley de Voluntad Anticipada|date=8 October 2010|newspaper=El Universal|language=Spanish|last=López|first=Allan|accessdate=23 December 2010|location=Mexico City|archive-date=11 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011063249/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/ciudad/103621.html|url-status=dead}} including at least 41 out-of-state residents and 2 citizens of the United States.{{cite news|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/680151.html|title=Suscriben 391 personas documento de Voluntad Anticipada|date=13 May 2010|newspaper=El Universal|last=Balboa|first=Berenice|language=Spanish|accessdate=23 December 2010|location=Mexico City|archive-date=11 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011063300/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/680151.html|url-status=dead}}
Public opinion and political lobbying
According to a Parametría poll conducted in February 2008, 59% of Mexicans think doctors should have the legal right to end the life of a person suffering from an incurable illness upon a request by the patient and his or her relatives, while 35% disagree.{{cite web|url=http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/view/many_mexicans_open_to_legal_euthanasia1/|title=Many Mexicans Open to Legal Euthanasia|date=8 May 2008|publisher=Angus Reid Global Monitor/Parametría|accessdate=25 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704205340/http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/view/many_mexicans_open_to_legal_euthanasia1/|archive-date=4 July 2008|url-status=usurped}}
Its main opponents, anti-abortion activists{{cite news|url=http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?idc=184264|title=Provida pide a Frenk abstenerse de organizar debates sobre eutanasia|date=30 May 2005|newspaper=La Crónica de Hoy|language=Spanish|accessdate=23 December 2010|agency=Notimex|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223337/http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?idc=184264|url-status=dead}} and Christian churches{{cite news|url=http://impreso.milenio.com/node/7043002|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715145439/http://impreso.milenio.com/node/7043002|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2012|title=Cristianos se unen contra el aborto y la eutanasia|date=16 November 2008|newspaper=Milenio|language=Spanish|accessdate=23 December 2010|last=Nájar|first=Alberto}} —particularly the dominant Roman Catholic Church— have strongly lobbied against active euthanasia and promote different bills protecting the right to life "from the moment of conception until natural death." However, regional bills supporting passive euthanasia have been endorsed by several Catholic clergymen, including the archbishops of León{{cite news|url=http://www.milenio.com/node/567691|title=Arzobispo de León está a favor del bien morir |last=Domínguez |first=Pedro|date=1 November 2010 |newspaper=Milenio |language=Spanish |accessdate= 23 December 2010 |location=Mexico City}} and Morelia.{{cite news |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/623632.html |title=Iglesia de Michoacán avala Ley de Voluntad Anticipada |last=Silva |first=Azucena |date=2009-09-01 |newspaper=El Universal |language=Spanish |accessdate=2009-09-25 |location=Morelia, Mexico |archive-date=2009-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905062721/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/623632.html |url-status=dead }}
Suicide tourism
{{main|Suicide tourism}}
A drug known as liquid pentobarbital is used by owners to euthanize pets. When given to humans, the drug can give them a painless death in under one hour. The pet shops across Mexico have such drugs. As a result, elderly tourists from across the globe seeking to terminate their own lives were reported to be flying out to Mexico.{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSN0329945820080603?sp=true|title=Euthanasia tourists snap up pet shop drug in Mexico|last=Emmott|first=Robin |author2=Hernández, Magdiel |author3=Bremer, Catherine |author4=Chiacu, Doina|date=3 June 2008|agency=Reuters|accessdate=25 September 2009|location=Nuevo Laredo, Mexico}}
In the past, Mexico's lenient regulations regarding pentobarbital—a barbiturate used for euthanizing animals—led to its misuse by individuals seeking assisted suicide. This resulted in "suicide tourism," with people traveling to Mexico to obtain the drug.
However, significant legal actions have since addressed this issue. In May 2024, Daniel Gonzalez-Munguia, operating under the alias Alejandro Vasquez, was indicted for illegally importing pentobarbital from Mexico into the United States for suicide purposes. He was charged with importing and distributing a controlled substance, facing up to 60 years in federal prison.{{Cite web |date=2024-05-30 |title=Northern District of Illinois {{!}} Federal Indictment in Chicago Charges Man With Illegally Importing Suicide Drug Into the U.S. From Mexico {{!}} United States Department of Justice |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndil/pr/federal-indictment-chicago-charges-man-illegally-importing-suicide-drug-us-mexico?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}
{{Outdated|date=July 2023|reason=source from 2008. it is no longer the case in Mexico}}
See also
References
{{reflist|2}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Euthanasia in Mexico}}