exponential object

{{Short description|Categorical generalization of a function space in set theory}}

In mathematics, specifically in category theory, an exponential object or map object is the categorical generalization of a function space in set theory. Categories with all finite products and exponential objects are called cartesian closed categories. Categories (such as subcategories of Top) without adjoined products may still have an exponential law.{{nlab| id=exponential+law+for+spaces |title=Exponential law for spaces}}{{nlab|id=convenient+category+of+topological+spaces |title=Convenient category of topological spaces}}

Definition

Let $\mathbf{C}$ be a category, let $Z$ and $Y$ be objects of $\mathbf{C}$ , and let $\mathbf{C}$ have all binary products with $Y$ . An object $Z^Y$ together with a morphism $\mathrm{eval}\colon (Z^Y \times Y) \to Z$ is an exponential object if for any object $X$ and morphism $g \colon X\times Y \to Z$ there is a unique morphism $\lambda g\colon X\to Z^Y$ (called the transpose of $g$ ) such that the following diagram commutes:

File:ExponentialObject-01.svg

This assignment of a unique $\lambda g$ to each $g$ establishes an isomorphism (bijection) of hom-sets, $\mathrm{Hom}(X\times Y,Z) \cong \mathrm{Hom}(X,Z^Y).$

If $Z^Y$ exists for all objects $Z, Y$ in $\mathbf{C}$ , then the functor $(-)^Y \colon \mathbf{C}\to \mathbf{C}$ defined on objects by $Z \mapsto Z^Y$ and on arrows by $(f\colon X\to Z) \mapsto (f^Y\colon X^Y \to Z^Y)$ , is a right adjoint to the product functor $-\times Y$ . For this reason, the morphisms $\lambda g$ and $g$ are sometimes called exponential adjoints of one another.{{cite book|title=Topoi : the categorial analysis of logic|publisher=North-Holland|year=1984|isbn=978-0-444-86711-7|edition=Revised|series=Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics #98|page=72|chapter=Chapter 3: Arrows instead of epsilon|last1=Goldblatt|first1=Robert|author-link=Robert Goldblatt}}

=Equational definition=

Alternatively, the exponential object may be defined through equations:

Existence of $\lambda g$ is guaranteed by existence of the operation $\lambda -$ .
Commutativity of the diagrams above is guaranteed by the equality $\forall g \colon X \times Y \to Z,\ \mathrm{eval} \circ (\lambda g \times \mathrm{id}_Y) = g$ .
Uniqueness of $\lambda g$ is guaranteed by the equality $\forall h \colon X \to Z^Y, \ \lambda (\mathrm{eval} \circ (h \times \mathrm{id}_Y)) = h$ .

=Universal property=

The exponential $Z^Y$ is given by a universal morphism from the product functor $- \times Y$ to the object $Z$ . This universal morphism consists of an object $Z^Y$ and a morphism $\mathrm{eval}\colon (Z^Y \times Y) \to Z$ .

Examples

In the category of sets, an exponential object $Z^Y$ is the set of all functions $Y \to Z$ .{{cite book|title=Categories for the working mathematician|volume = 5|last=Mac Lane|first=Saunders|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=1978|isbn=978-0387984032|edition=2nd|series=graduate texts in mathematics|page=98|chapter=Chapter 4: Adjoints|author-link=Saunders Mac Lane|doi = 10.1007/978-1-4757-4721-8_5}} The map $\mathrm{eval}\colon (Z^Y \times Y) \to Z$ is just the evaluation map, which sends the pair $(f, y)$ to $f(y)$ . For any map $g\colon X \times Y \to Z$ the map $\lambda g\colon X \to Z^Y$ is the curried form of $g$ :

: $\lambda g(x)(y) = g(x,y).\,$

A Heyting algebra $H$ is just a bounded lattice that has all exponential objects. Heyting implication, $Y \Rightarrow Z$ , is an alternative notation for $Z^Y$ . The above adjunction results translate to implication ( $\Rightarrow : H \times H \to H$ ) being right adjoint to meet ( $\wedge : H \times H \to H$ ). This adjunction can be written as $(- \wedge Y) \dashv (Y \Rightarrow -)$ , or more fully as:

$(- \wedge Y): H \stackrel {\longrightarrow} {\underset {\longleftarrow}{\top}} H: (Y \Rightarrow -)$

In the category of topological spaces, the exponential object $Z^Y$ exists provided that $Y$ is a locally compact Hausdorff space. In that case, the space $Z^Y$ is the set of all continuous functions from $Y$ to $Z$ together with the compact-open topology. The evaluation map is the same as in the category of sets; it is continuous with the above topology.Joseph J. Rotman, An Introduction to Algebraic Topology (1988) Springer-Verlag {{ISBN|0-387-96678-1}} (See Chapter 11 for proof.) If $Y$ is not locally compact Hausdorff, the exponential object may not exist (the space $Z^Y$ still exists, but it may fail to be an exponential object since the evaluation function need not be continuous). For this reason the category of topological spaces fails to be cartesian closed.

However, the category of locally compact topological spaces is not cartesian closed either, since $Z^Y$ need not be locally compact for locally compact spaces $Z$ and $Y$ . A cartesian closed category of spaces is, for example, given by the full subcategory spanned by the compactly generated Hausdorff spaces.

In functional programming languages, the morphism $\operatorname{eval}$ is often called $\operatorname{apply}$ , and the syntax $\lambda g$ is often written $\operatorname{curry}(g)$ . The morphism $\operatorname{eval}$ should not be confused with the eval function in some programming languages, which evaluates quoted expressions.

Notes

References

{{cite book|last=Adámek|first=Jiří|author2=Horst Herrlich|author3=George Strecker|title=Abstract and Concrete Categories (The Joy of Cats)|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|url=http://katmat.math.uni-bremen.de/acc/|orig-year=1990|year=2006}}
{{cite book |last=Awodey|first=Steve|authorlink = Steve Awodey|title=Category theory|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford New York|year=2010|isbn=978-0199237180|chapter=Chapter 6: Exponentials}}
{{cite book |last=Mac Lane|first=Saunders|title=Categories for the working mathematician|publisher=Springer|location=New York|year=1998|isbn=978-0387984032|chapter=Chapter 4: Adjoints}}

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20080916162345/http://www.j-paine.org/cgi-bin/webcats/webcats.php Interactive Web page ] which generates examples of exponential objects and other categorical constructions. Written by [https://web.archive.org/web/20081223001815/http://www.j-paine.org/ Jocelyn Paine].

Category:Objects (category theory)