farsightedness

In young patients, mild hypermetropia may not produce any symptoms. The signs and symptoms of far-sightedness include blurry vision, frontal or fronto temporal headaches, eye strain, tiredness of eyes, etc. The common symptom is eye strain. Difficulty seeing with both eyes (binocular vision) may occur, as well as difficulty with depth perception. The asthenopic symptoms and near blur are usually seen after close work, especially in the evening or night.

Far-sightedness can have rare complications such as strabismus and amblyopia. At a young age, severe far-sightedness can cause the child to have double vision as a result of "over-focusing".{{Cite web |date=2014-07-09 |title=Complications of long-sightedness | website = NHS Choices |publisher=National Health Service | url = http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Long-sightedness/Pages/Complications.aspx |access-date = 2016-02-26 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305225225/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Long-sightedness/Pages/Complications.aspx }}

Hypermetropic patients with short axial length are at higher risk of developing primary angle closure glaucoma, so routine gonioscopy and glaucoma evaluation is recommended for all hypermetropic adults.

Simple hypermetropia, the most common form of hypermetropia, is caused by normal biological variations in the development of eyeball. Aetiologically, causes of hypermetropia can be classified as:

• Axial: Axial hypermetropia occur when the axial length of eyeball is too short. About 1 mm decrease in axial length cause 3 diopters of hypermetropia. One condition that cause axial hypermetropia is nanophthalmos.{{Cite book|last=John F.|first=Salmon|title=Kanski's clinical ophthalmology: a systematic approach|publisher=Elsevier|year=2020|isbn=978-0-7020-7713-5|edition=9th|location=Edinburgh|oclc=1131846767}}
• Curvatural: Curvatural hypermetropia occur when curvature of lens or cornea is flatter than normal. About 1 mm increase in radius of curvature results in 6 diopters of hypermetropia. Cornea is flatter in microcornea and cornea plana.
• Index: Age related changes in refractive index (cortical sclerosis) can cause hypermetropia. Another cause of index hypermetropia is diabetes. Occasionally, mild hypermetropic shift may be seen in association with cortical or subcapsular cataract also.
• Positional: Positional hypermetropia occur due to posterior dislocation of Lens or IOL. It may occur due to trauma.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
• Consecutive: Consecutive hypermetropia occur due to surgical over correction of myopia or surgical under correction in cataract surgery.
• Functional: Functional hypermetropia results from paralysis of accommodation as seen in internal ophthalmoplegia, CN III palsy etc.
• Absence of lens: Congenital or acquired aphakia cause high degree hypermetropia.{{cite book |last1=Khurana |first1=AK |title=Comprehensive ophthalmology |publisher=Jaypee, The Health Sciences Publisher |isbn=978-93-86056-59-7 |pages=37–38 |edition=6th |chapter=Errors of refraction and accommodation|year=2015 }}

Far-sightedness is often present from birth, but children have a very flexible eye lens, which helps to compensate.{{Cite web | title = Normal, near-sightedness, and far-sightedness | website = MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia | url = https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19511.htm | access-date = 2016-02-26 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305230733/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19511.htm | archive-date = 2016-03-05 }} In rare instances, hyperopia can be due to diabetes, as well as problems with the blood vessels in the retina.{{Cite web |first=Mary |last=Lowth |title=Long Sight (Hypermetropia) |website=Patient |publisher=Patient Platform Limited |url=http://patient.info/health/long-sight-hypermetropia |access-date=2016-02-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303133100/http://patient.info/health/long-sight-hypermetropia |archive-date=2016-03-03 }}

File:Hyperopia comparison.jpg

File:Human eye cross-sectional view grayscale.png

A diagnosis of far-sightedness is made by utilizing either a retinoscope or an automated refractor-objective refraction; or trial lenses in a trial frame or a phoropter to obtain a subjective examination.

Ancillary tests for abnormal structures and physiology can be made via a slit lamp test, which examines the cornea, conjunctiva, anterior chamber, and iris.{{Cite web | title=Farsightedness | website=MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia | url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001020.htm | access-date=2016-02-26 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224151749/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001020.htm | archive-date=2016-02-24 }}{{Cite web |title=Slit-lamp exam |website=MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003880.htm |access-date=2016-02-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305235249/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003880.htm |archive-date=2016-03-05 }}

In severe cases of hyperopia from birth, the brain has difficulty in merging the images that each individual eye sees. This is because the images the brain receives from each eye are always blurred. A child with severe hyperopia can never see objects in detail. If the brain never learns to see objects in detail, then there is a high chance of one eye becoming dominant. The result is that the brain will block the impulses of the non-dominant eye. In contrast, the child with myopia can see objects close to the eye in detail and does learn at an early age to see objects in detail.{{medical citation needed|date=February 2016}}

File:1999 Choroid folds.jpg

Hyperopia is typically classified according to clinical appearance, its severity, or how it relates to the eye's accommodative status.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

There are three clinical categories of hyperopia.

• Simple hyperopia: Occurs naturally due to biological diversity.
• Pathological hyperopia: Caused by disease, trauma, or abnormal development.
• Functional hyperopia: Caused by paralysis that interferes eye's ability to accommodate.

There are also three categories severity:

• Low: Refractive error less than or equal to +2.00 diopters (D).
• Moderate: Refractive error greater than +2.00 D up to +5.00 D.
• High: Refractive error greater than +5.00 D.

Accommodation has significant role in hyperopia. Considering accommodative status, hyperopia can be classified as:

• Total hypermetropia: It is the total amount of hyperopia which is obtained after complete relaxation of accommodation using cycloplegics like atropine.
• Latent hyperopia: It is the amount of hyperopia normally corrected by ciliary tone (approximately 1 diopter).
• Manifest hyperopia: It is the amount of hyperopia not corrected by ciliary tone. Manifest hyperopia is further classified into two, facultative and absolute.
• Facultative hyperopia: It is the part of hyperopia corrected by patient's accommodation.
• Absolute hyperopia: It is the residual part of hyperopia which causes blurring of vision for distance.

So, Total hyperopia= latent hyperopia + manifest hyperopia (facultative + absolute)

The simplest form of treatment for far-sightedness is the use of corrective lenses, i.e. eyeglasses or contact lenses.{{Cite report |section=Introduction |last1=Chou |first1=Roger |last2=Dana |first2=Tracy |last3=Bougatsos |first3=Christina |title=Screening for Visual Impairment in Children Ages 1-5 Years: Systematic Review to Update the 2004 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |location=Rockville, MD |via=PubMed Health |section-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/PMH0009656/ |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0009653/ |date=2011-02-01 |series=Evidence Syntheses |volume=81 |pmid=21542544 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908192033/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0009653/ |archive-date=2017-09-08 }}{{Cite web |title=Farsightedness (Hyperopia): Treatments |publisher=U. S. National Library of Medicine |website=PubMed Health |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023031/ |access-date=2016-02-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908192033/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023031/ |archive-date=2017-09-08 |author1=Pmhdev }} Eyeglasses used to correct far-sightedness have convex lenses.

There are also surgical treatments for far-sightedness:

Laser procedures

• Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK): This is a refractive technique that is done by removal of a minimal amount of the corneal surface.{{Cite web | title = Treating long-sightedness | website = NHS Choices |publisher=National Health Service | url = http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Long-sightedness/Pages/Treatment.aspx | access-date = 2016-02-26 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305222557/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Long-sightedness/Pages/Treatment.aspx }}{{Cite journal | title = Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) versus laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for hyperopia correction | last1 = Settas | first1 = George | last2 = Settas | first2 = Clare | last3 = Minos | first3 = Evangelos | last4 = Yeung | first4 = Ian Yl | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 6 | issue = 6 | pages = CD007112 |date=2012-01-01 |doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007112.pub3 | issn = 1469-493X | pmid = 22696365| pmc = 7388917 }} Hyperopic PRK has many complications like regression effect, astigmatism due to epithelial healing, and corneal haze.{{cite web |first1=Arun C |last1=Gulani |title=LASIK Hyperopia: Background, History of the Procedure, Problem |date=9 November 2019 |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1221098-overview}} Post operative epithelial healing time is also more for PRK.{{cite book |last1=Khurana |first1=AK |title=Theory and practice of optics and refraction |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-81-312-1132-8 |pages=307–348 |edition=2nd |chapter=Refractive surgery|date=September 2008 }}
• Laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK): Laser eye surgery to reshape the cornea, so that glasses or contact lenses are no longer needed.{{Cite web | title = Laser Eye Surgery | website = MedlinePlus | url = https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lasereyesurgery.html | access-date = 2016-02-26 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306003502/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lasereyesurgery.html | archive-date = 2016-03-06 }} Excimer laser LASIK can correct hypermetropia up to +6 diopters. LASIK is contraindicated in patients with lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
• Laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK): Resembles PRK, but uses alcohol to loosen the corneal surface.
• Epi-LASIK: Epi-LASIK is also used to correct hyperopia. In this procedure, use of epikeratome eliminates the use of alcohol.
• Laser thermal keratoplasty (LTK): Laser thermal keratoplasty is a laser based non-destructive refractive procedure used to correct hyperopia and presbyopia. It uses Thallium-Holmium-Chromium (THC): YAG laser.

IOL implantation

• Aphakia correction: High degree hypermetropia due to absence of lens (aphakia) is best corrected using intraocular lens implantation.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
• Refractive lens exchange (RLE): A variation of cataract surgery where the natural crystalline lens is replaced with an artificial intraocular lens; the difference is the existence of abnormal ocular anatomy which causes a high refractive error.{{Cite journal | title = Refractive lens exchange in modern practice: when and when not to do it? | last1 = Alió | first1 = Jorge L. | last2 = Grzybowski | first2 = Andrzej | last3 = Romaniuk | first3 = Dorota | journal = Eye and Vision | volume = 1 |page=10 | date = 2014-12-10 | doi = 10.1186/s40662-014-0010-2 |doi-access=free | issn = 2326-0254 | pmc = 4655463 | pmid = 26605356}} {{open access}}
• Phakic IOL: Phakic intraocular lens are lenses that implanted inside eye without removing the normal crystalline lens. Phakic IOLs can be used to correct hypermetropia up to +20 diopters.

Non laser procedures

• Conductive keratoplasty (CK): Conductive keratoplasty is a non laser refractive procedure used to correct presbyopia and low hypermetropia (+0.75D to +3.25D) with or without astigmatism (up to 0.75D).{{cite web |title=Conductive Keratoplasty |url=https://eyewiki.aao.org/Conductive_Keratoplasty |website=eyewiki.aao.org}} It uses radiofrequency energy to heat and shrink corneal collagen tissue. CK is contraindicated in pregnant/breastfeeding women, central corneal dystrophies and scarring, history of herpetic keratitis, type 1 diabetes etc.
• Automated lamellar keratoplasty (ALK): Hyperopic automated lamellar keratoplasty (H-ALK) and Homoplastic ALK are ALK procedures that corrects low to moderate hyperopia.{{Cite book|title=Refractive surgery|publisher=Mosby / Elsevier|others=Azar, Dimitri T.|year=2007|isbn=978-0-323-03599-6|edition=2nd|location=Philadelphia|oclc=853286620}} Poor predictability and the risk of complications limits usefulness of these procedures.
• Keratophakia and epi-keratophakia are another two non laser surgical procedures used to correct hypermetropia. Keratophakia is a surgical technique developed by Barraquer for treating high hypermetropia and aphakia. Poor predictability and induced irregular astigmatism are complications of these procedures.

The term hyperopia comes from Greek ὑπέρ hyper "over" and ὤψ ōps "sight" (GEN ὠπός ōpos).{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=hyperopia |title=hyperopia |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Douglas Harper |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908192033/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=hyperopia |archive-date=2017-09-08 }}

{{Reflist}}

{{Medical resources

| ICD10 = {{ICD10|H|52|0|h|49}}

| ICD9 = {{ICD9|367.0}}

| DiseasesDB = 29644

| MedlinePlus = 001020

| MeSH = D006956

}}

{{Commons}}

{{Scholia|topic}}

{{Eye pathology}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Portal bar|Medicine}}

Category:Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction

Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate

Category:Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate