fiber crop
{{Short description|Plant grown for fiber}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2020}}
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Fiber crops are field crops grown for their fibers, which are traditionally used to make paper, cloth, or rope.
File:PhilFIDA_natural_fibersA.jpg natural fibers]]
Fiber crops are characterized by having a large concentration of cellulose, which is what gives them their strength. The fibers may be chemically modified, like in viscose (used to make rayon and cellophane). In recent years, materials scientists have begun exploring further use of these fibers in composite materials. Due to cellulose being the main factor of a plant fiber's strength, this is what scientists are looking to manipulate to create different types of fibers.
Fiber crops are generally harvestable after a single growing season, as distinct from trees, which are typically grown for many years before being harvested for such materials as wood pulp fiber or lacebark. In specific circumstances, fiber crops can be superior to wood pulp fiber in terms of technical performance, environmental impact or cost.{{cite web|url=http://www.agripulp.com/index.html|title=Agripulp: pulping agricultural crops|access-date=2007-10-03|archive-date=2016-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815222508/http://www.agripulp.com/index.html|url-status=dead}}
There are a number of issues regarding the use of fiber crops to make pulp.{{cite web|url=http://www.bc.com/environment/positionNonwood.jsp |title=Nonwood Alternatives to Wood Fiber in Paper |access-date=2007-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708092411/http://www.bc.com/environment/positionNonwood.jsp |archive-date=2007-07-08 |url-status=dead }} One of these is seasonal availability. While trees can be harvested continuously, many field crops are harvested once during the year and must be stored such that the crop doesn't rot over a period of many months. Considering that many pulp mills require several thousand tonnes of fiber source per day, storage of the fiber source can be a major issue.
Botanically, the fibers harvested from many of these plants are bast fibers; the fibers come from the phloem tissue of the plant. The other fiber crop fibers are hard/leaf fibers (come from the entirety of plant vascular bundles) and surface fibers (come from plant epidermal tissue).{{Cite book|title=Plants and Society|last=Levetin|first=Estelle|last2=McMahon|first2=Karen|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2012|isbn=978-0-07-352422-1|location=New York, NY|pages=297}}
Fiber sources
To have a source of fiber to utilize in production, the fiber first must be extracted from the plant. This is done in different ways depending on the fiber classification. Bast fibers are harvested through retting which is where microbes are utilized to remove soft tissues from the plant and only the useful fibrous material remains. Hard fibers are harvested mainly through decortication which is where the non-fibrous tissues are removed by hand or machine. Lastly, surface fibers are harvested through ginning which is where a machine removes the fibers from other plant material.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
=Paper=
{{see also|Wood pulp|Deinking}}
Before the industrialisation of paper production the most common fiber source was recycled fibers from used textiles, called rags. The rags were from ramie, hemp, linen and cotton.{{Citation |last1=Göttsching|first1=Lothar|last2=Pakarinen |first2=Heikki |title=Recycled Fiber and Deinking|series= Papermaking Science and Technology |volume= 7 |year= 2000|publisher= Fapet Oy|location= Finland|isbn= 952-5216-07-1 |pages= 12–14 |chapter= 1}} A process for removing printing inks from recycled paper was invented by German jurist Justus Claproth in 1774. Today this method is called deinking. It was not until the introduction of wood pulp in 1843 that paper production was not dependent on recycled materials from ragpickers.
Fiber crops
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- Bast fibers (stem)
- Bamboo, when derived from a mechanical process.{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Yu |last2=Fu |first2=Jiajia |last3=Wang |first3=Hongbo |last4=Gao |first4=Weidong |title=Evaluation of bamboo water-retting for fiber bundle extraction |journal=Textile Research Journal |date=September 2022 |volume=92 |issue=17–18 |pages=3289–3298 |doi=10.1177/00405175211062048|s2cid=245297960 }}
- Dogbane, used by Native Americans
- Esparto, a fiber from a grass
- Flax, from which linen is derived
- Hemp, a soft, strong fiber, edible seeds
- Hoopvine, also used for barrel hoops and baskets, edible leaves, medicine
- Jute, widely used, it is the cheapest fiber after cotton
- Kenaf, the interior of the plant stem is used for its fiber. Edible leaves.
- Lotus, used to produce lotus silk
- Nettles used to make [https://arboretumfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/alexander_nettles-for-sustainable-textiles.pdf thread and twine], clothing made from it is both durable yet soft
- Papyrus, a pith fiber, akin to a bast fiber
- Ramie, a member of the nettle family.
- Spanish broom, a legume, its fiber has similar characteristics to linen.{{cite journal |last1=Kovačević |first1=Zorana |last2=Vukušić |first2=Sandra Bischof |last3=Zimniewska |first3=Malgorzata |title=Comparison of Spanish broom (Spartium junceum L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum) fibre |journal=Textile Research Journal |date=2012 |volume=82 |issue=17 |pages=1786-1798 |doi=10.1177/0040517512447526 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0040517512447526 |access-date=26 January 2024}}
- Tilia, known as Linden or Lime in Europe and Basswood in North America. Fiber comes from inner bark.{{cite web |last1=Strother |first1=John L |title=Tilia |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=133008 |website=Flora of North America |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden & Harvard University |access-date=26 January 2024}}
- Leaf fibers
- Abacá, a banana, producing "manila" rope from leaves
- Piña, from pineapple leaves
- Sisal, an agave
- Bowstring hemp, a common house plant, also Sansevieria roxburghiana, Sansevieria hyacinthoides
- Henequen, an agave. A useful fiber, but not as high quality as sisal
- Phormium, "New Zealand Flax"
- Yucca, an agave relative
- Seed fibers and fruit fibers
- Coir, the fiber from the coconut husk
- Cotton
- Kapok
- Milkweed, grown for the filament-like pappus in its seed pods
- Luffa, a gourd which when mature produces a sponge-like mass of xylem, used to make loofa sponge.
- Walissima is a natural plant fiber obtained from Sida rhombifolia of Malvaceae family. It is produced mainly in Philippines islands.
References
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