firestop

Firestops prevent unprotected horizontal and vertical penetrations in a fire-resistance-rated wall or floor assembly from creating a route by which fire and smoke can spread that would otherwise have been fire resisting construction, e.g. where a pipe passes through a firewall.

Fire stopping is also to seal around gaps between fire resisting constructions, e.g. the linear gap between a wall and the floor above, in order for construction to form a complete barrier to fire and smoke spread.

Firestops are used in:

• Electrical, mechanical, and structural penetrations
• Unpenetrated openings (such as openings for future use)
• Re-entries of existing firestops
• Control or sway joints in fire-resistance-rated wall or floor assemblies
• Junctions between fire-resistance-rated wall or floor assemblies
• Head-of-wall (HOW) joints, where non-load-bearing wall assemblies meet floor assemblies

Numeric characters are used to identify what penetrant, if any, can be found within the present system and help identify what UL-tested system was used.

Classification for penetrations and the barriers they penetrate, are categorized by a standardized letter-number system that has been adopted by all firestop products manufacturers.{{Cite web |title=3M Technical Library/Technical Bulletins |url=https://www.3m.com/3M/en_US/building-construction-us/applications/firestop/tech-library/technical-bulletins/ |website=3M}}{{Cite web |title=Firestop Contractors International Association Technical-Resources |url=https://www.fcia.org/technical-resources/ |website=fcia.com}} A typical system would consist of several letters, followed by a series of numbers indicating the type of penetrant that is passing through the particular barrier ex: (FB-5533.)

Components include intumescents, cementitious mortars, silicone, firestop pillows, mineral fibers, and rubber compounds.

File:Test in flight.jpg|alt=See caption|Fire test of mortar-based firestop

File:Sl silicone pipe covering.jpg|alt=See caption|Pipe with metallic piping penetrations in a 2-hour fire-resistance rated concrete floor slab

File:Stuffed rockwool firestop.jpg|alt=Insulated pipes|Inadequate firestop with rockwool

File:Penetrations through firestop.svg|alt=See caption|Construction drawing of a firestop

File:Mortar tag.jpg|alt=Curved wires passing through insulation|Firestop mortar seal of a cable tray

Firestops should be maintained in accordance with the certification listing. Construction documentation sometimes includes an inventory of all firestops in a building, with drawings indicating their location and certification listings. Using this, a building owner can meet the fire code relating to fire barriers. Improper repairs may otherwise result, which would violate the fire code and could allow a fire to travel between areas intended by code to be separated during a fire.

Firestop materials are not rated per se. They receive a fire rating by combining materials in an arrangement specific to the item (a pipe or cable, for example) penetrating the fire-rated wall or floor and the construction arrangement of the fire-rated wall or floor. A two-hour-rated pipe-penetration firestop may consist of a layer of caulking over packed mineral wool. The arrangement, not the caulking, provides the two-hour rating. The individual firestop materials and the overall firestop assembly are listed.

Brattberg Multi-Cable Transit is a firestop system invented by John A. Birmingham and Rogers A. Moore,{{Cite patent|number=US5939676A|title=Electrical cable penetration seal with compliant module|gdate=1999-08-17|invent1=Birmingham|invent2=Moore|inventor1-first=John A.|inventor2-first=Rogers A.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5939676A/}} the patent expired in 2011. It is used onboard of large steal vessels (Offshore Platforms, ships) when penetration bulkheads, high rise buildings, laboratories, explosions areas and EMI risk.{{Cite web |title=MCT-Brattberg_uk-catalogue |url=https://www.mct-brattberg-austria.at/dokumente/MCT-Brattberg_uk-catalogue.pdf |url-status=live |website=MCT Brattberg}}

It uses fix sizes frames, fix sizes insert blocks (U, Spare, Standard insert, Add block), Stayplate, Endpacking and Presswedge. Insert blocks are made out of Lycron.

Frames Size:

• 120x100mm
• 120x160mm
• 120x220mm
• 120x280mm

Sleeves Sizes, round holds with approx inner diameter in millimeters:

• 50
• 70
• 100
• 125
• 150
• 200
• 300

Insert Blocks is designed to accommodate cables ranging from 4 to 100mm in diameter.

AddBlocks is a more flexible version for Insert Blocks, giving 5mm of adjustable diameters.

The U-Block is used to convert the external dimensions of Insert Blocks, AddBlocks and Spare Blocks to the next modular size.

Solid spare blocks are used to fill any vacant areas within the frame.

Certification listings include those available from:

• Underwriters Laboratories
• Underwriters Laboratories of Canada
• Deutsches Intitut für Bautechnik (Germany)

FIRAS scheme- Warrington Fire (UK)

• Efectis (Netherlands, France, and Norway)
• FM Globalhttp://www.fmglobal.com/assets/pdf/fmapprovals/4991.pdf{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Approval Standard for Approval of Firestop Contractors, Class Number 4991

When the installed configuration does not comply with the appropriate certification listing, the fire-resistance rating may be lower than expected. Each opening in a fire-resistance-rated wall or floor in a building must have a certification listing. There are thousands of listings from various certification and testing laboratories. The Canadian and United States Underwriters Laboratories publish books listing firestop manufacturers who have contracted with them for testing and certification.

Older buildings often lack firestops. A thorough inspection can identify all vertical and horizontal fire barriers and their fire ratings, and all breaches in these barriers (which can be sealed with approved methods).

File:Unsealed1.jpg|alt=Two pipes going through an open wall|Unsealed pipe penetration in two-hour fire-resistance rated concrete block wall

File:Cambrian college no firestop 1.jpg|alt=Pipes going through a wall with gaps|Improper breach of fire-resistance rated drywall assembly

Firestops created by contractors or building maintenance personnel which are not listed are not credited with an adequate fire resistance rating for building-code compliance purposes. They are usually short-term, cost-cutting measures at the expense of fire safety and code compliance. One common error is citing a listing for a product which may be for another use. An insulation with an active listing of a certain flame-spread rating is unacceptable for firestopping purposes.

File:Concrete firestop.jpg|alt=Cables with a concrete seal|Common concrete, with no testing intended for certification listing

File:Stuffed fibreglass firestop.jpg|alt=Cables routed through fiberglass insulation|Stuffed fiberglass insulation would rapidly melt and fall out in a fire.

File:Cambrian college fireproofing delamination 5.jpg|alt=Green-tinted photo of metal sprayed with plaster, some of which has flaked off|Spray fireproofing improperly used to cover penetrations

File:Puf.jpg|alt=See caption|Polyurethane foam used to fill a cable tray penetration; at Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant, this type of seal resulted in significant fire damage.

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• Fire blocking
• Firestop pillow
• Penetrant
• Penetration (firestop)
• Endothermic
• Annulus (firestop)
• Product certification
• Certification mark
• Silicone foam
• Packing (firestopping)
• Sleeve (construction)
• Heat sink

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{{reflist}}

• [http://www.gba-brandschutz.de/ Gütegemeinschaft Brandschutz im Ausbau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121041957/http://www.gba-brandschutz.de/ |date=2012-11-21 }} German passive fire protection association
• [http://www.firestop.org/ International Firestop Council] An International association of firestop manufacturers, consultants, inspectors, and contractors
• [http://www.efectis.com/ Efectis] Test Laboratory
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxzGgz3WvrI UL and International Firestop Council (IFC) video Close enough is not good enough: A demonstration of Proper vs Improper Firestopping]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20081021004900/http://www.ul.com/fire/firestop.html UL Essay On Firestops]
• [http://www.dibt.de/ Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik (DIBt)]
• [http://www.ibmb.tu-bs.de/ iBMB] a part of Technische Universität Braunschweig
• [http://www.ulc.ca/ Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada (ULC)]
• [http://www.ul.com/ Underwriters Laboratories]

{{Fire protection}}

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Category:Building materials

Category:Passive fire protection