first-wave black metal

During the first wave, black metal was not a distinct genre, but was part of a broader extreme metal umbrella alongside the earliest death metal, grindcore and thrash metal groups. It was not until around 1987 that these styles began to distinguish themselves from each other, and the borders of what now constitutes black metal were drawn.{{cite web |last1=Andrew |first1=J. |date=1 September 2015 |title=Origins of Evil: The Birth of Extreme Metal |url=https://metalinjection.net/editorials/origins-of-evil-the-birth-of-extreme-metal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115093023/https://metalinjection.net/editorials/origins-of-evil-the-birth-of-extreme-metal |archive-date=15 January 2025 |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=Metal Injection}}

Music historian Joel McIver called Satanic lyrics and imagery the defining characteristic of the first wave of black metal.{{cite book |last=McIver |first=Joel |author-link=Joel McIver |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvW-uN-qEbIC&q=%22black+metal%22&pg=PT98 |title=Justice for All – The Truth About Metallica |publisher=Omnibus Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780857120090 |edition=updated |oclc=906823286 |access-date=4 September 2012}} However, most bands in the wave were not Satanists; rather, they used Satanic themes to provoke controversy or gain attention. One of the few exceptions was Mercyful Fate singer and Church of Satan member King Diamond, whom Lords of Chaos authors Michael J. Moynihan and Didrik Søderlind called "one of the only performers of the '80s Satanic metal who was more than just a poseur using a devilish image for shock value".{{sfn|Moynihan|Søderlind|2003|p=16}}

Metal Injection writer J Andrew cited "the speed and attitude" of punk rock and hardcore punk as what separated the style of the first wave of black metal from earlier styles of heavy metal. PopMatters writer Craig Hayes specifically credited the legacy of Discharge as "crucial in black metal's development", recalling their influence in Venom, Bathory, Hellhammer and Mayhem.{{cite web |last1=Hayes |first1=Craig |title=LOVE, AND OTHER INDELIBLE STAINS |url=https://www.popmatters.com/158457-love-and-other-indelible-stains-2495852412.html |website=PopMatters |date=29 May 2012 |access-date=13 January 2025}}

File:Thomas Gabriel Fischer 2014.jpg, vocalist and guitarist for influential first wave of black metal bands Hellhammer and Celtic Frost|150px]]

The English band Venom "paved the way for all three main genres of extreme metal".{{cite book |last=Ekeroth |first=Daniel |title=Swedish Death Metal |publisher=Bazillion Points |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-9796163-1-0 |page=9 |lccn=2010561979 |oclc=1202731108 |ol=23111459M}}{{cite book |last1=Kahn-Harris |first1=Keith |title=Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge |date=2007 |publisher=Berg Publishers |pages=2–3}} Playing a style of speed metal or proto-thrash metal, they released their first album Welcome to Hell in 1981, and coined the term "black metal" with their second album Black Metal in 1982. The album initiated the first wave of black metal, forming an early prototype for the genre.{{cite video |last=Dunn |first=Sam |year=2005 |title=Metal: A Headbanger's Journey |type=motion picture |publisher=Seville Pictures}}{{Cite book |last=Sharpe-Young |first=Garry |url= |title=Metal: The Definitive Guide : Heavy, NWOBH, Progressive, Thrash, Death, Black, Gothic, Doom, Nu |date=2007 |publisher=Jawbone Press |isbn=978-1-906002-01-5 |page=208 |oclc=123366186 |ol=8776949M}} The band introduced many of the genre's tropes, such as blasphemous lyrics and imagery, stage names, costumes and face paint meant to strike fear.{{sfn|Patterson|2013|pp=14-17}}

Hellhammer, from Switzerland, made "truly raw and brutal music"{{cite book |last=Ekeroth |first=Daniel |title=Swedish Death Metal |publisher=Bazillion Points |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-9796163-1-0 |page=244 |lccn=2010561979 |oclc=1202731108 |ol=23111459M}} with Satanic lyrics, and became an important influence on black metal.{{sfn|Moynihan|Søderlind|2003|p=10}} They recorded three demos in 1983 and released an EP in March 1984. Daniel Ekeroth wrote that "Their simple yet effective riffs and fast guitar sound were groundbreaking, anticipating the later trademark sound of early Swedish death metal". In 1984, Hellhammer transformed into Celtic Frost and released their first album, Morbid Tales.{{Cite web |title=Celtic Frost Biography |url=http://www.triptykon.net/vcf/band/biography.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160304080527/http://www.triptykon.net/vcf/band/biography.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=24 January 2013 |website=www.triptykon.net}} With their second album, To Mega Therion (1985), the band began to explore "more orchestral and experimental territories." For several years, Celtic Frost was considered one of the world's most extreme and original metal bands, significantly influencing the black metal genre. Black metal and crust punk evolved alongside each other, with the members of early crust band Amebix and early black metal band Hellhammer tape trading with each other.{{cite web |last1=Hobson |first1=Rich |title=The 12 heaviest punk albums of all time |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-12-heaviest-punk-albums-of-all-time |website=Metal Hammer |date=30 November 2021 |access-date=30 December 2024}} Thus, pioneering black metal bands such as Hellhammer, Bathory and Mayhem were inspired by crust punk,{{Sfn|Patterson|2013|p=249}} and early crust punk bands such as Amebix, Sacrilege and Antisect were influenced by Hellhammer and Celtic Frost.{{cite web|last=Von Havoc |first=Felix |title=Rise of Crust |publisher=Profane Existence |date=1 January 1984 |url=http://www.havocrex.com/press/article/3/83 |access-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615163312/http://www.havocrex.com/press/article/3/83 |archive-date=15 June 2008 }}

Swedish band Bathory created "the blueprint for Scandinavian black metal"{{sfn|Moynihan|Søderlind|2003|p=21}} and have been described as "the biggest inspiration for the Norwegian black metal movement of the early nineties".{{cite book |last=Ekeroth |first=Daniel |title=Swedish Death Metal |publisher=Bazillion Points |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-9796163-1-0 |page=27 |lccn=2010561979 |oclc=1202731108 |ol=23111459M}} Their songs first appeared on the compilation Scandinavian Metal Attack in March 1984, which drew much attention to the band,{{cite book |last=Ekeroth |first=Daniel |title=Swedish Death Metal |publisher=Bazillion Points |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-9796163-1-0 |page=30 |lccn=2010561979 |oclc=1202731108 |ol=23111459M}} and they released their first album that October. Bathory's music was dark, raw, exceptionally fast, heavily distorted, and anti-Christian, and frontman Quorthon pioneered the shrieked vocals that later came to define black metal.{{cite book |last=Ekeroth |first=Daniel |title=Swedish Death Metal |publisher=Bazillion Points |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-9796163-1-0 |page=38 |lccn=2010561979 |oclc=1202731108 |ol=23111459M}}{{sfn|Olson|2008|p=18f}} Their third album Under the Sign of the Black Mark (1987) was described by journalist Dayal Patterson as creating "the black metal sound as we know it".{{sfn|Patterson|2013|p=43}}

The Danish band Mercyful Fate influenced the Norwegian scene with their imagery and lyrics.{{cite book|title=Dansk rockleksikon|editor=Bille, Torben|publisher=Politikens Forlag|year=2002|isbn=87-567-6525-8|edition=1st|page=314|language=da|quote=En af grundlæggerne af 'black metal': heavy metal med udtalt satanistiske tekster. [English: One of the founders of 'black metal': heavy metal with pronouncedly satanic lyrics.]}}{{cite book|title=80'er rock: Dansk rock 1980-1990|author=Nielsen, Jens-Emil|publisher=Her & Nu|year=2014|isbn=978-87-93093-85-0|edition=1st|page=74|language=da|quote=[...] sataniske tekster, som gør, at de er med til at skabe undergenren black metal. [English: [...] satanic lyrics, which entails that they are involved in creating the subgenre black metal.]}}{{sfn|Moynihan|Søderlind|1998|p=14-16}} Frontman King Diamond, who wore ghoulish black-and-white facepaint on stage, was one of the inspirators of what became known as 'corpse paint'.{{sfn|Moynihan|Søderlind|1998|p=36}} Other artists that were a part of the first wave included England's Onslaught, Italy's Bulldozer and Death SS,Emperor. In: Jon Kristiansen: Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries. Brooklyn, NY: Bazillion Points Books 2011, p. 274. Japan's Sabbat{{Cite web |last1=Ziegler |first1=Ronald |last2=Danielsson |first2=Erik |title=Merchandise whorery |url=http://www.grimrune.com/watain/heint.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030121034117/http://www.grimrune.com/watain/heint.html |archive-date=21 January 2003 |access-date=23 June 2013 |website=www.grimerune.com}} and Colombia's Parabellum.{{cite web |author=Sharpe-Young, Garry |title=Parabellum biography |url=http://www.musicmight.com/artist/colombia/medellin/parabellum |publisher=MusicMight |access-date=23 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127004936/http://www.musicmight.com/artist/colombia/medellin/parabellum |archive-date=27 January 2016}}

File:Sodom Rock unter den Eichen 2019 01.jpg, a pioneering thrash metal band who was a part of the first wave of black metal]]

First wave black metal bands also influenced thrash metal, with Scott Ian of thrash metal band Anthrax even crediting Venom as being a "thrash band before thrash existed".{{cite web |title=10 songs that invented thrash metal, according to Anthrax guitarist Scott Ian |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/10-songs-that-invented-thrash-metal-according-to-anthrax-guitarist-scott-ian |website=Classic Rock |date=20 January 2024 |access-date=13 January 2025}} German Teutonic thrash metal bands Sodom, Kreator and Destruction, and Slayer from the United States, "are inextricably linked to the history of black metal". According to writer Dayal Patterson in his book Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult, the early works of these four bands are often considered part of the first wave of black metal.{{sfn|Patterson|2013|p=75}}

Possessed, from the San Francisco Bay Area grew out of the first wave black metal scene{{sfn|Patterson|2013|p=75}} and would go on to be described by AllMusic as "connecting the dots" between thrash metal and death metal with their 1985 debut album, Seven Churches.{{cite web|first=Eduardo|last=Rivadavia|title=Possessed: Seven Churches|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r15558|pure_url=yes}}|website=AllMusic|access-date=14 February 2014}} The band had cited Venom and Motörhead, as well as early work by Exodus, as the main influences on their sound. Although the group had released only two studio albums and an EP in their formative years, they have been described by music journalists and musicians as either being "monumental" in developing the death metal style,{{sfn|Purcell|2003|p=54}} or as being the first death metal band.{{cite book|last=McIver|first=Joel|title=The Bloody Reign of Slayer|publisher=Omnibus Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84772-109-9}}{{cite book|last=Ekeroth|first=Daniel|title=Swedish Death Metal|year=2008|publisher=Bazillion Points|isbn=978-0-9796163-1-0 |page=12}}{{sfn|Mudrian|2004|p=70}} In Orlando, Florida, Mantas, following a similar progression, played a Venom-inspired sound{{cite book |last1=Mudrian |first1=Albert |last2=Peel |first2=John |last3=Carlson |first3=Scott |title=Choosing death: the improbable history of death metal & grindcore |date=2016 |publisher=Bazillion Points Books |location=New York |isbn=978-1935950165 |pages=23–27 |edition=Revised and expanded death-luxe |quote=Rick came to me and said, 'I got this band you've gotta listen to. It's like Motörhead, but even more extreme.' And he happened to bring in Black Metal from Venom, and that sealed it for me. I was like, 'Yes, we can do music like this.'" Venom's musical interpretation of the New Wave of British Heavy Metal may have been crude and their lyrical interpretation utterly juvenile, but it was all the inspiration DeLillo and Lee needed. Soon the pair decided to form a band of their own.}} before changing their name to Death and beginning to play death metal. The band made a major impact in the emerging Florida death metal scene,{{sfn|Purcell|2003|p=54}} and frontman Chuck Schuldiner has been credited by AllMusic's Eduardo Rivadavia for being widely recognised as the "Father of Death Metal".{{cite web|last=Rivadavia|first=Eduardo|title=Death Biography|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p4050|pure_url=yes}}|website=AllMusic|access-date=13 August 2008}} and their debut album, Scream Bloody Gore (1987), has been described as "the first true death metal record" by the San Francisco Chronicle.{{cite news|author1=Aldis, N.|author2=Sherry, J.|title=Heavy metal Thunder|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|year=2006}}

File:Mayhem HITS2011 Christian Misje-1173.jpg, vocalist for Tormentor and Mayhem]]

In 1987, in the fifth issue of his Slayer fanzine, Jon 'Metalion' Kristiansen wrote that "the latest fad of black/Satanic bands seems to be over", citing United States bands Incubus and Morbid Angel, as well as Sabbat from Great Britain as some of the few continuing the genre.Incubus. In: Jon Kristiansen: Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries. Brooklyn, NY: Bazillion Points Books 2011, p. 88. However, black metal continued in the underground, with scenes developing in Czechoslovakia with Root, Törr and Master's Hammer{{cite web |last1=LAGER |first1=JUSTIN THUNDER |title=A HISTORY OF CZECH AND SLOVAK HEAVY SOUNDS |date=23 August 2021 |url=https://toiletovhell.com/a-history-of-czech-and-slovak-heavy-sounds/ |access-date=20 November 2024}} and Brazil with Sepultura, Vulcano,{{cite web |last1=Patterson |first1=Dayal |title=10 of the best old school black metal albums |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-10-best-black-metal-albums-from-the-1980s |website=Metal Hammer |date=19 July 2016 |access-date=20 November 2024}} Holocausto{{cite web |last1=Deller |first1=Alex |title='Our drummer used human tibia bones': the hellish birth of Brazil's heavy metal scene |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/sep/26/brazil-heavy-metal-sepultura-holocausto |website=The Guardian |date=26 September 2023 |access-date=20 November 2024}} and Sarcófago,"The First Wave", 2005, p. 42. Sarcófago's debut album I.N.R.I. (1987), was widely influential on subsequent acts in the genre, especially the second wave Norwegian scene"The First Wave", 2005, p. 42. and groups in the war metal style.Robert Müller: Wollt Ihr den ewigen Krieg?. Der tote Winkel. In: Metal Hammer, November 2011.Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann: War Black Metal: Die Extremsten der Extremen. Was bleibt, ist Schutt und Asche. In: Rock Hard, no. 279, pp. 71–73.Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann: SARCOFAGO. I.N.R.I. In: Rock Hard, Nr. 304, September 2012, p. 73. BrooklynVegan writer Kim Kelly calling it "a gigantic influence on black metal's sound, aesthetics, and attitude."{{cite web |last1=Kelly |first1=Kim |title=A rare interview with Sarcofago |url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/an-rare-intervi/ |access-date=21 November 2024}}

In Sweden, Mefisto, Obscurity and Merciless were some of the earliest bands to follow in Bathory's footsteps, combining their sound with influences from German groups like Sodom and Destruction. Although Mefisto and Obscurity only released two demos each, and rarely performed live, Merciless became prominent in the extreme metal underground.{{cite book|last=Ekeroth|first=Daniel|title=Swedish Death Metal|year=2008|publisher=Bazillion Points|isbn=978-0-9796163-1-0 |page=67 |quote=Up to this point, no Swedish band had really followed in Bathory's footsteps. The pioneers Obscurity and Mefisto faded after just a couple of demos. The first to break the ice were the soon-to-be classic Merciless, from the small and idyllic town of Strängnäs, sixty-five miles west of Stockholm.
Merciless was formed in 1986 by the very young metalheads Fredrik Karlén on bass, Stefan "Stipen" Karlsson on drums, and Erik Wallin on guitar. Fredrik had previously been in a punk band, while Stipen and Erik used to play heavy metal... Unlike Obscurity and Mefisto, Merciless also started to play live gigs very early in their career-probably one of the primary reasons why Merciless eventually succeeded where Obscurity and Mefisto had failed.}} Their live performances became notorious for bassist Fredrik Karlén's reckless behaviour, including climbing up buildings and jumping off of balconies. Furthermore, the band's 1988 demo Realm of the Dark, led to them becoming the first Swedish extreme metal band after Bathory to be signed to a record label, in this case of Euronymous's label Deathlike Silence Productions, who released Merciless's 1990 debut album The Awakening.{{cite book|last=Ekeroth|first=Daniel|title=Swedish Death Metal|year=2008|publisher=Bazillion Points|isbn=978-0-9796163-1-0 |page=68 |quote=Realm of the Dark also caused quite a stir in the local metal underground. Everybody had the demo, and everybody loved it. I remember it being played endlessly at parties. The demo attracted the notorious Øystein "Euronymous" Aarseth, who soon signed them to his Deathlike Silence Productions label... So Merciless was the first really extreme Swedish metal band to get a recording deal after Bathory. They started to play numerous live gigs during this time, and were soon recognized as the leading Swedish underground metal force. They became probably as well known for their outrageous metal lifestyle as for their music. Fredrik Karlén, especially, had a wide reputation of being the madman of Swedish metal. His regular behavior included jumping between balconies, and climbing up on roofs during parties.}} Other black metal bands in Sweden from this time included Grotesque,Tiamat. In: Slayer, no. 8, 1991, p. 6.Daniel Ekeroth: [https://books.google.com/books?id=jRRvfWp95FIC&pg=PA249 Swedish Death Metal]. Second edition. Brooklyn, NY: Bazillion Points 2009, p. 249, accessed on 8 October 2012. TiamatDaniel Ekeroth: [https://books.google.com/books?id=jRRvfWp95FIC&pg=PA162 Swedish Death Metal]. Second edition. Brooklyn, NY: Bazillion Points 2009, p. 162f., accessed on 24 September 2012. and Morbid.{{cite web |title=LG PETROV, ENTOMBED VOCALIST, DEAD AT 49 |url=https://www.revolvermag.com/music/lg-petrov-entombed-vocalist-dead-49/ |website=Revolver |access-date=20 November 2024}}

During this time, other influential records in the genre were released by Von (from the United States),{{cite web |last1=Currin |first1=Grayson Haver |title=Satanic Blood Von |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17435-satanic-blood/ |website=Pitchfork |access-date=20 November 2024}} Rotting Christ (from Greece),{{cite web |last1=Podoshen |first1=Jeff |title=Album Review: ROTTING CHRIST Pro Xristou |date=20 May 2024 |url=https://metalinjection.net/reviews/album-review-rotting-christ-pro-xristou |access-date=20 November 2024}} Tormentor (from Hungary), Mortuary Drape (from Italy),{{cite web|first1=Götz |last1=Kühnemund |url=http://www.rockhard.de/megazine/reviewarchiv/review-anzeigen.html?tx_rxsearch_pi1%5Breview%5D=12403 |title=Mortuary Drape Tolling 13 Knell (DLP)]. |access-date=14 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125950/http://www.rockhard.de/megazine/reviewarchiv/review-anzeigen.html?tx_rxsearch_pi1%5Breview%5D=12403 |archive-date=24 September 2015}} Kat (from Poland), Samael (from Switzerland)sG: 5 Klassiker. In: Rock Hard, no. 269, October 2009, p. 79. and Blasphemy (from Canada). Blasphemy's debut album Fallen Angel of Doom (1990) is one of the most influential records for the war metal style.Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann: SARCOFAGO. I.N.R.I. In: Rock Hard, Nr. 304, September 2012, p. 73. Fenriz of the Norwegian band Darkthrone called Master's Hammer's debut album Ritual "the first Norwegian black metal album, even though they are from Czechoslovakia".Fenriz: [https://web.archive.org/web/20091126051753/http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendId=123087153&blogId=519327311 Darkthrone Biography and Video Clips]. 21 November 2009, accessed on 24 September 2012.

Mayhem's debut EP Deathcrush (1987) was one of the most influential releases from the first wave of black metal, largely founding the early Norwegian black metal scene.{{sfn|Patterson|2013|pp=156–170}} Mayhem guitarist Øystein "Euronymous" Aarseth and Snorre "Blackthorn" Ruch of Thorns developed a style of riffing where guitarists played full chords using all the strings of the guitar instead of relying on power chords, which typically use only two or three strings, which would become a key element of the subsequent waves of black metal.{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Campion |title=In the Face of Death |date=20 February 2005 |publisher=Guardian Unlimited |url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,11710,1419364,00.html |work=The Observer |access-date=6 October 2007 |archive-date=13 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013121635/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,11710,1419364,00.html |url-status=live }}{{cite book |title=Precious Metal: Decibel Presents the Stories Behind 25 Extreme Metal Masterpieces |last=Mudrian |first=Albert |year=2009 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-0-306-81806-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780306818066/page/184 184] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780306818066/page/184 }} In the book Lords of Chaos, Mayhem were credited as the band who combined the influence of the desperate styles of black metal's first wave and created the style that is understood as black metal today.{{cite book |last1=Moynihan |first1=Michael J. |last2=Søderlind |first2=Didrik |title=Lords of Chaos |date=1998 |publisher=Feral House |page=57 |quote=Although Venom had a large cult following in Europe, black metal was yet to develop as its own style... They recorded the first one in the summer of '86—the Pure Fucking Armageddon demo. It was much more extreme than everything else; the sound was very, very primitive and much more brutal. You couldn't hear anything as extreme as Mayhem at that time.}}

The second wave of black metal began in 1991, with Rock Hard magazine crediting Samael's Worship Him (1 April 1991) as its beginnings,sG: 5 Klassiker. In: Rock Hard, no. 269, October 2009, p. 79. while, Metal Hammer writer Enrico Ahlig cited it as beginning with the 8 April 1991 suicide of then-Mayhem and former Morbid vocalist Dead.Enrico Ahlig: [http://www.metal-hammer.de/news/meldungen/article299447/marduk-gitarrist-besitzt-leichenteile-von-dead.html Marduk-Gitarrist besitzt Leichenteile von Dead], 5 June 2012, accessed on 9 January 2013.

The black-thrash genre is a revival of the sound of early first wave black metal bands such as Venom, Sodom and Sarcófago, with notable acts including Aura Noir{{Cite web |url=https://www.daily.bandcamp.com/2017/06/29/black-thrash-bands/amp/ |title=Nine Metal Bands Leading the Blackened Thrash Attack |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830110218/https://daily.bandcamp.com/2017/06/29/black-thrash-bands/amp/ |archive-date=30 August 2018 |url-status=dead }} and Nifelheim. Decibel have conflated first wave black metal with black-thrash.{{cite magazine|url=https://www.decibelmagazine.com/2017/12/06/top-black-thrash-albums/|title=Top Ten Black-Thrash Albums by Steve Jansson (Daeva)|date=6 December 2017|magazine=Decibel Magazine}} Black 'n' roll is another genre which revives the movement's sound.{{cite web |title=2011 in Review: The Year in Black 'n' Roll |url=https://www.invisibleoranges.com/2011-in-review-the-year-in-black-n-roll/#:~:text=Black%20'n'%20roll%20bands%20are,their%20music%20tougher%20and%20meaner. |website=Invisible Oranges |access-date=13 January 2025}}

• List of first-wave black metal bands
• Extreme metal
• New wave of British heavy metal
• Early Norwegian black metal scene
• Speed metal
• Biker metal
• Occult rock

{{notelist||refs=

{{efn|name=fn1|Crust punk and first-wave black metal were contemporary and influenced each other.{{Sfn|Patterson|2013|p=249}}}}

}}

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book |last=Kristiansen |first=Jon |year=2011 |title=Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries |location=New York |publisher=Bazillion Points Books |isbn=978-0-9796163-4-1}}
• {{cite book |last1=Moynihan |first1=Michael |author1-link=Michael J. Moynihan |last2=Søderlind |first2=Didrik |title=Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground |edition=revised and enlarged |year=2003 |orig-year=1998 |publisher=Feral House |location=Los Angeles, CA |oclc=63047807 |isbn=0-922915-94-6}}
• {{Cite book |last=Mudrian |first=Albert |year=2004 |title=Choosing Death: The Improbable History of Death Metal & Grindcore |title-link=Choosing Death: The Improbable History of Death Metal & Grindcore |publisher=Feral House |isbn=978-1-932595-04-8 |oclc=56472380 |ol=8810129M}}
• {{cite book |last=Olson |first=Benjamin Hedge |date=May 2008 |title=I Am the Black Wizards: Multiplicity, Mysticism and Identity in Black Metal Music and Culture |publisher=Bowling Green State University |url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?203880266478913::NO:10:P10_ETD_SUBID:48873 |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321142050/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?203880266478913::NO:10:P10_ETD_SUBID:48873 |url-status=dead }}
• {{Cite book |last=Purcell |first=Natalie J. |year=2003 |title=Death Metal Music: The Passion and Politics of a Subculture |publisher=McFarland & Company |isbn=978-0-7864-1585-4 |lccn=2003007616 |oclc=52166325 |ol=8138845M}}
• {{cite book |last1=Patterson |first1=Dayal |title=Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult |date=2013 |publisher=Cult Never Dies |isbn=978-1-915148-66-7|oclc=1404818910 |ol=51801054M}}

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Category:1980s in heavy metal music

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Category:Youth culture in the United Kingdom

Category:Extreme metal

Category:Obscenity controversies in music

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