flag of the Qing dynasty

Since the Ming dynasty, yellow was considered the royal color of successive Chinese emperors. Members of the imperial family of China at that time were the only ones allowed to display the color yellow in buildings and on garments. The Emperor of China usually used a Chinese dragon as a symbol of the imperial power and strength. Generally, a five-clawed dragon was used by emperors only.

In Chinese culture, a flaming pearl is shown on top of the dragon's head. The pearl is associated with wealth, good luck, and prosperity.

The design of the flag was largely based on the Plain Yellow Banner, one of three "upper" banner armies among the Eight Banners under the direct command of the Emperor of China himself, and one of the four "right wing" banners.

;The Eight Banners

The Eight Banners were administrative/military divisions under the Qing dynasty into which all Manchu households were placed. In war, the Eight Banners functioned as armies, but the banner system was also the basic organizational framework of all of Manchu society.

{{gallery|mode=nolines|whitebg=y|height=100

|Plain Yellow Banner.svg|Plain Yellow Banner

|Bordered Yellow Banner.svg|Bordered Yellow Banner

|Plain White Banner.svg|Plain White Banner

|Bordered White Banner.svg|Bordered White Banner

}}

{{gallery|mode=nolines|whitebg=y|height=100

|Plain Red Banner.svg|Plain Red Banner

|Bordered Red Banner.svg|Bordered Red Banner

|Plain Blue Banner.svg|Plain Blue Banner

|Bordered Blue Banner.svg|Bordered Blue Banner 1911 -1912

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File:Manchu Qing Mongolia Banner & Torture Devices (35318192250).jpg.]]

The Arrow Incident of 1856 occurred as a result of Chinese civilian vessels flying foreign flags as the Qing dynasty had no official flag at the time.{{cite book | author =肖吟新 (Xiao Yinxin) | title = The story of the Qing dynasty national flag (清代国旗的故事) | date = 2002 | publisher = 世纪 | pages = 63}}{{nbsp}}{{in lang|zh}} In 1862, sailors from the Chinese and British navies clashed at Wuhan on the Yangtze River. In response to protests from the British government that their ships were unable to properly distinguish between Chinese navy ships and civilian vessels, Yixin (Prince Gong) urged Zeng Guofan to create a governmental flag for the Qing, and suggested use of a yellow dragon flag, which was also used as one of the Eight Banners of the Manchu as well as in the Chinese army. After due consideration, Zeng Guofan concluded that a square flag bore too close a resemblance to the Plain Yellow Banner of the Eight Banners with the potential to be viewed as an endorsement of the Eight Banners hierarchy, he instead removed one corner to create a triangular flag.{{cite book | author = 施爱东 (Shi Aidong) | title = Qing dragon flag flourished through 50 years of sorrow (哀旗不幸 怒旗不争 大清龙旗50年) | date = 2011 | publisher = 民族艺术 | pages = 6}}{{nbsp}}{{in lang|zh}}

The triangular version of the yellow dragon flag was restricted to naval and governmental use only, no civilian ships were permitted to fly the yellow pennant, and it never formally became the national flag."係為雇船捕盜而用，並未奏明定為萬年國旗", "[the flag] is used for ferry and policing, but is not explicitly designated as the permanent national flag", from 《北洋水師章程》(Regulations of the Beiyang Fleet){{nbsp}}{{in lang|zh}} An exception was on 23 February 1873, when the regency of the Tongzhi Emperor ended and he assumed direct rule of the Qing empire. On that day all ships flew the triangular flag for the first time in celebration.{{Cite book |last=Morse |first=Hosea Ballou |author-link=Hosea Ballou Morse |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_international_relations_of_the_Chine/sFFxAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwik_oGLzdWJAxXkOjQIHQu1HPIQiqUDegQIFBAC |title=The International Relations of the Chinese Empire |volume=II: The Period of Submission, 1861–1893 |year=1918 |page=266 }} Also on some diplomatic occasions and at international exhibitions, this flag was used to represent China.

File:Flags of China detail, from book- Flags of Maritime Nations (1899) (page 43 crop).jpg

File:Battle between the imperial and the revolutionary army Wellcome L0040011.jpg; Qing flag visible at left.]]

In September 1881, when the two cruisers Chaoyong and Yangwei ordered from Birkenhead, England were sent to China, Li Hongzhang realized a triangular ensign was unique among naval flags of other countries. As a result, he petitioned the imperial court for permission and subsequently altered the triangular naval flag into a rectangular one."今中國兵商各船日益加增，時與各國交接，自應重定旗式，以祟體制。應將兵船國旗改為長方式，照舊黃色，中畫青色飛龍。", "Nowadays the number of both Chinese military and commercial ships is growing. When our ships meet those of other nations they should display a flag based on a conformed system. [The government] should change the military flag to a pennant with an azure dragon in the middle",《北洋水師章程》(Regulations of the Beiyang Fleet) {{in lang|zh}}

Seeing Western countries flying national flags on official occasions, Li Hongzhang also asked Empress Dowager Cixi to select a national flag for the Qing dynasty. Among the proposals for use of the Ba gua flag, the Yellow dragon flag and the Qilin flag, Cixi selected the Yellow dragon design. In 1888, the imperial court promulgated the naval flag as the Qing national flag.《清朝国旗考》(Study on the Flag of Qing), 育民 {{in lang|zh}}

File:Palast des dalailama.jpg

File:Flag of the Qing dynasty (1889-1912).svg

File:Flag of China (1862–1889).png

File:定远号仿制品20120727.JPG, flagship of the Beijing fleet with the Qing flag in 2012]]

The notion of yellow as representative of Manchu ethnicity was used in the flags of the Five Races Under One Union flag of the Republic of China, and on the flag of the Empire of China, respectively, although in 1912 the former was challenged by Sun Yat-sen, who thought it inappropriate to use the traditional imperial color to represent Manchu ethnicity.{{Cite web | url = http://www.kmt.org.tw/hc.aspx?id=29 | title = Story of the National Flag, official website of the Kuomintang | access-date = 11 February 2014 | archive-date = 27 May 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120527185834/http://www.kmt.org.tw/hc.aspx?id=29 | url-status = dead }}{{nbsp}}{{in lang|zh}} Also, mustard yellow was used in the flag of Manchukuo in deference to the Qing dynasty, on whose flag it was based.

The blue dragon was featured in the Twelve Symbols national emblem, which was the state emblem of China from 1913 to 1928.

;Horatio Nelson Lay's Proposal (1862)

When the Qing dynasty purchased warships from the United Kingdom in 1862, Horatio Nelson Lay designed several naval flags based on the custom flag he designed.[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22707/page/1 The London Gazette], 13 February 1863 These proposals were not recognized by the Qing dynasty government.[http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/cn~lo.html Lay-Osborne Flotilla (China)]

{{gallery|mode=nolines|whitebg=y|height=100

|Proposed Ensign of Qing Navy 1863.svg|{{FIAV|proposal}} Proposed Chinese naval ensign, designed by Horatio Nelson Lay.

}}

;Beiyang Fleet (1874–1890)

The Beiyang Fleet was created in 1874, and several rank flags were introduced based on the traditional five color officials' flags of the old Chinese navy.

{{gallery|mode=nolines|whitebg=y|height=100

|Flag of Fleet Commander of the Beiyang Fleet.svg|Admiral's Flag

|Flag of Deputy Commanders of the Beiyang Fleet.svg|Deputy Commanders's Flag

|Flag of High-ranking Official of Beiyang Fleet.svg|High-ranking Official's Flag, for officials other than navy

}}

;Beiyang Navy (1890–1909)

The Beiyang Fleet became the national navy by Regulations of the Beiyang Fleet in 1888. However, rank flags were not updated until 1890, when William Metcalfe Lang and Liu Buchan disputed about their rank flags in an incident. Therefore, the British Royal Navy advisers proposed five new rank flags to replace the simple two rank flags system.Drawings of the flags in use at the present time by various nations, Royal Navy Admiral

{{gallery|mode=nolines|whitebg=y|height=100

|Imperial Chinese Navy Admiral's Flag (1905-1909).svg|{{FIAV|proposal}} Proposed Admiral's Flag

|Imperial Chinese Navy Fleet Commander's Flag (1905-1909).svg|{{FIAV|proposal}} Proposed Vice Admiral's Flag

|Imperial Chinese Navy Squadron Commander's Flag (1905-1909).svg|{{FIAV|proposal}} Proposed Rear Admiral's Flag

|Imperial Chinese Navy Commodore's Flag (1905-1909).svg|{{FIAV|proposal}} Proposed Commodore 1st Class's Flag

|Proposed Imperial Chinese Navy 2nd Commodore's Flag (1890).svg|{{FIAV|proposal}} Proposed Commodore 2nd Class's Flag

}}

However these proposals were not adopted by the Qing dynasty.Images of Chinese Naval Ships(1855–1911) / 中国军舰图志(1855–1911)" by Chen Rui 陈悦, {{ISBN|9787545811544}} New rank flags were introduced later in 1890.{{lang|ja|清国北洋海軍実況一班}}

{{gallery|mode=nolines|whitebg=y|height=100

|Flag of the Admiral of the Beiyang Fleet.svg|Admiral's Flag

|Flag of Provincial Commander-in-Chief of Beiyang Fleet.svg|High-ranking Official's Flag

|Flag of the Commander of Minelayers of Beiyang Fleet (1890-1909).svg|Commander of Torpedo Boats' Flag

|Flag of Commodore of Beiyang Fleet (1890-1909).svg|Commodore's Flag

}}

;Imperial Navy (1909–1911)

After the total defeat of the Beiyang Navy in First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, the new imperial navy was reorganized following the establishment of the department of the navy in 1909. The Imperial Chinese Navy adopted the national flag in the canton of naval flags in 1909.Source: [http://www.dpm.org.cn/shtml/117/@/7744.html 北京故宮《海軍旗式及章服圖說》] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109074616/http://www.dpm.org.cn/shtml/117/%40/7744.html |date=2014-01-09 }} ("Illustration of Naval flags and Uniforms", Palace Museum, Beijing, China)

{{gallery|mode=nolines|whitebg=y|height=100

|Imperial Chinese Navy Secretary's Flag (1909-1911).svg|Secretary's Flag

|Imperial Chinese Navy Admiral's Flag (1909-1911).svg|Admiral's Flag

|Imperial Chinese Navy Vice Admiral's Flag (1909-1911).svg|Vice Admiral's Flag

|Imperial Chinese Navy Rear Admiral's Flag (1909-1911).svg|Rear Admiral's Flag

}}

{{gallery|mode=nolines|whitebg=y|height=100

|Imperial Chinese Navy Senior Officer's Flag (1909-1911).svg|Senior Officer's Flag

|Imperial Chinese Navy Fleet Leader's Flag (1909-1911).svg|Fleet Leader's Flag

}}

;Chinese Eastern Railway

The flag of the Chinese Eastern Railway adopted a combination of Qing dynasty and Russian flags. The flag was not updated until 1912.[http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/cn-cer.html Chinese Eastern Railway Company (China)]

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|Flag of CER (1897).svg|Flag of the Chinese Eastern Railway (1897−1912)

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