flight deck cruiser

In the 1920s, following the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty, the United States Navy converted two incomplete battlecruisers into aircraft carriers, {{USS|Lexington|CV-2|6}} and {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|6}}. These conversions proved to be extremely expensive, and designs were sought that would provide aircraft carrying capability for the fleet at a more reasonable cost.Adcock 1996, p.4. {{USS|Ranger|CV-4|6}}, America's first purpose-built aircraft carrier, was of a smaller, more economical design than the battlecruiser conversions, however the ship sacrificed the big-gun scouting capability of the earlier ships.Friedman 1983, p.57. In an attempt to develop a ship capable of both carrying aircraft and engaging the enemy in the scouting role, the "flight-deck cruiser" concept was developed, following a series of studies proposing the conversion of cruisers under construction into carriers, all of which were rejected.Friedman 1983, p.39. In addition to providing an economical method of providing additional aircraft for the fleet, the "flight-deck cruiser" was seen to have an additional advantage; it would be considered a cruiser under the terms of the Washington Treaty, not an aircraft carrier, and thus the Navy would not be restricted in the number of ships of the type that could be built.Friedman 1983, p.119.

Several designs were proposed for a ship carrying both aircraft and a gun armament equivalent to a light cruiser's. One design, from 1930,Friedman 1983, p.179. was described as "a {{sclass|Brooklyn|cruiser|0}} light cruiser forwards [and] one half of a {{sclass|Wasp|aircraft carrier|2}} aft",Bonner 1997, p.150. and utilized an early version of the angled deck that would in the 1950s be adopted for use by fleet carriers.Adcock 1996, p.5. The vessel, {{convert|650|ft|m}} in length, had a {{convert|350|ft|m|adj=on}} flight deck and hangar aft for twenty-four aircraft, while forwards three triple {{convert|6|in|mm|0|adj=on}} gun turrets were mounted, the standard armament for a light cruiser of the time. A secondary dual purpose armament of eight {{convert|5|in|mm|0|adj=on}} guns was also projected to be carried for defense against enemy torpedo-boats and aircraft.

In 1934, another design for a flight-deck cruiser was proposed, featuring twelve {{convert|6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} guns, mounted forwards and aft with a {{convert|200|ft|m|adj=on}} flight deck in between; while a 1939 revival of the concept proposed two triple turrets, fore and aft, again with an amidships flight deck.

In December 1939, a design for a much larger flight-deck cruiser, displacing 12,000 tons, was proposed, fitted with two catapults, a triple turret for {{convert|8|in|mm|0|adj=on}} guns, and a {{convert|420|ft|m|adj=on}} flight deck; by January 1940 the design had been shrunk to a flight deck {{convert|390|ft|m}} in length and two triple {{convert|6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} guns for main armament.

Despite the continued designs and interest in the idea, no funding was ever appropriated for the construction of a flight-deck cruiser; in addition, evaluation of the design by the Naval War College determined that even a 12,000-ton ship was too small for the concept's intended characteristics to be effectively realized,Friedman 1984, p.174. and thus the ship would be ineffective in battle.Gardiner and Chesneau 1980, p.88. In 1940, the design was formally shelved, although provision was made for reconsideration of the concept at a future date. The entry of the United States into World War II following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, however, removed the primary justifications for the concept of a hybrid warship, as naval limitations treaties were now moot and adequate funding was now available for the construction of more conventional ships. As a result, the flight deck cruiser concept was never revisited.

{{main|Aircraft cruiser}}

Although no flight-deck cruisers were ever built by the U.S. Navy, the Soviet Union's {{sclass|Kiev|aircraft carrier|2}}, developed in the 1970s, is remarkably similar to that of the original flight-deck cruiser design, featuring an angled flight deck aft with anti-ship missile launchers forwards.

{{main|Interdiction Assault Ship}}

In addition, during the early 1980s, plans were proposed for the reactivation of the U.S. Navy's Iowa-class battleships that entailed the removal of each ship's aft turret and the installation of a flight deck for operating V/STOL aircraft; in the end a much more modest conversion, lacking the flight deck, was carried out. An article

{{which|date=November 2020}} in the U.S. Naval Institute's Proceedings proposed a canted flight deck with steam catapult and arrestor wires for F/A-18 Hornet fighters. Plans for these conversions were dropped in 1984.{{sfn|Muir|1989|p=130}}

• {{sclass|Moskva|helicopter carrier|1}}
• {{sclass|Invincible|aircraft carrier|1}}
• Vittorio Veneto-class helicopter carrier

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{cite book |last1=Adcock |first1=Al |title=Escort Carriers in Action |series=Warships |volume=9 |year=1996 |publisher=Squadron/Signal Publications |location=Carrollton, TX |isbn=0-89747-356-6}}
• {{cite book |last1=Bonner |first1=Kermit |title=Final Voyages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxrEb42veVEC&pg=PA150 |access-date=2010-12-08 |year=1997 |publisher=Turner Publishing |location=Paducah, KY |isbn=978-1-56311-289-8}}
• {{cite book |last1=Friedman |first1=Norman |author-link1=Norman Friedman |title=U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UT7MDTeKj8C&pg=PA179 |access-date=2010-12-08 |year=1983 |publisher=United States Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, MD |isbn=978-0-87021-739-5}}
• {{cite book |last1=Friedman |first1=Norman |title=U.S. Cruisers: An Illustrated Design History |year=1984 |publisher=United States Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, MD |isbn=978-0-87021-718-0}}
• {{cite book |editor1-first=Robert |editor1-last=Gardiner |others=Roger Chesneau |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJBMBvyQ83EC&pg=PA88 |access-date=2010-12-08 |year=1980 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |location=London |isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
• {{cite book|last=Muir|first=Malcolm|title=The Iowa Class Battleships|year=1989|publisher=The Bath Press|location=Avon, UK|isbn=0-7137-1732-7}}

{{Refend}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{cite journal|last=Andrade|first=Ernest Jr.|title=The Ship that Never Was: The Flying-Deck Cruiser |journal=Military Affairs|date=December 1968|volume=32|issue=3|issn=0899-3718}}
• {{cite book|last=Layman|first=R.D.|author2=McLaughlin, Stephen|title=The Hybrid Warship : The Amalgamation of Big Guns and Aircraft|year=1990|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=London|isbn=0-85177-555-1}}
• {{cite journal|last=Zimm|first=A.D.|title=The USN's Flight Deck Cruiser|journal=Warship International|year=1979|volume=79|issue=3}}

{{Refend}}

{{Commons category|Flight deck cruiser proposals}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090915193947/http://members.fortunecity.com/infinitywanderers/tarrantry/menu01.html The Saga of Tarrantry], a fictional World War II story featuring a flight-deck cruiser-like vessel.

{{Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries}}

Category:Abandoned military projects of the United States

Category:Aircraft carriers of the United States

Category:Cruisers of the United States

Category:Proposed ships of the United States Navy

Category:Ship types