flow coefficient
{{Short description|Measure of a device's efficiency at allowing fluid flow}}
The flow coefficient of a device is a relative measure of its efficiency at allowing fluid flow. It describes the relationship between the pressure drop across an orifice valve or other assembly and the corresponding flow rate.
Mathematically the flow coefficient {{math|Cv}} (or flow-capacity rating of valve) can be expressed as
where,
: {{mvar|Q}} is the rate of flow (expressed in US gallons per minute),
: SG is the specific gravity of the fluid (for water = 1),
: {{math|ΔP}} is the pressure drop across the valve (expressed in psi).
In more practical terms, the flow coefficient {{math|Cv}} is the volume (in US gallons) of water at {{cvt|60|F}} that will flow per minute through a valve with a pressure drop of {{cvt|1|psi}} across the valve.
The use of the flow coefficient offers a standard method of comparing valve capacities and sizing valves for specific applications that is widely accepted by industry. The general definition of the flow coefficient can be expanded into equations modeling the flow of liquids, gases and steam using the discharge coefficient.
For gas flow in a pneumatic system the {{math|Cv}} for the same assembly can be used with a more complex equation.{{cite web |title=Valve Sizing |url=http://www.swagelok.com/downloads/webcatalogs/EN/MS-06-84.PDF |website=Swagelok |accessdate=21 April 2020 |department=Technical Bulletin}}{{cite web |title=Cv Calculator |url=http://generant.com/cvcalc.aspx |publisher=Generant |accessdate=21 April 2020}} Absolute pressures (psia) must be used for gas rather than simply differential pressure.
For air flow at room temperature, when the outlet pressure is less than 1/2 the absolute inlet pressure, the flow becomes quite simple (although it reaches sonic velocity internally). With {{math|Cv}} = 1.0 and 200 psia inlet pressure, the flow is 100 standard cubic feet per minute (scfm). The flow is proportional to the absolute inlet pressure, so the flow in scfm would equal the {{math|Cv}} flow coefficient if the inlet pressure were reduced to 2 psia and the outlet were connected to a vacuum with less than 1 psi absolute pressure (1.0 scfm when {{math|Cv}} = 1.0, 2 psia input).
Flow factor
The metric equivalent flow factor ({{math|Kv}}) is calculated using metric units:
: {{math|Kv}} is the flow factor (expressed in m3/h),
: {{mvar|Q}} is the flowrate (expressed in m3/h),
: SG is the specific gravity of the fluid (for water = 1),
: {{math|∆P}} is the differential pressure across the device (expressed in bar).
{{math|Kv}} can be calculated from {{math|Cv}} using the equation{{cite book |title=Control Valve Handbook |date=September 2019 |publisher=Emerson Electric |chapter=Control Valve Sizing |edition=5th |url=https://www.emerson.com/documents/automation/control-valve-handbook-en-3661206.pdf |access-date=26 February 2022}}
{{clarify span|
The kv factor or value as it is also called is defined in VDI/VDE Richtlinien No. 2173.{{cite tech report |title=Strömungstechnische Kenngrößen von Stellventilen und deren Bestimmung |trans-title=Fluidic characteristic quantities of control valves and their determination |number=2173 |institution=VDI, VDE |date=September 2007 |url=https://www.vdi.de/fileadmin/pages/vdi_de/redakteure/richtlinien/inhaltsverzeichnisse/9856284.pdf |access-date=17 April 2020 |type=Standard}} A simplified version of the definition is:
The kv factor of a valve indicates "The water flow in m3/h, at a pressure drop across the valve of {{val|1|u=kgf|up=cm2}} when the valve is completely open.
The complete definition also says that the flow medium must have a density of {{val|1000|u=kg|up=m3}} and a kinematic viscosity of {{val|e=-6|u=m2|up=s}}, e.g. water.|date=September 2018}}