fly spray
{{Short description|Aerosol used in killing flies}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2009}}
Fly spray is a chemical insecticide that comes in an aerosol can that is sprayed into the air to kill flies. Fly sprays will kill various insects such as house flies and wasps.
Principles
Fly spray contains chemicals (including many organophosphate compounds) that bind to and permanently block the action of an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase.{{cite web | url=https://www.daltonengineering.co.uk/blogs/news/how-does-fly-spray-work#:~:text=This%20spray%20contains%20chemicals%20acting,fly%20eventually%20suffocates%20and%20dies. | title=How Does Fly Spray Work? | date=7 February 2023 }} Acetyl choline (ACh) is the nerve transmitter substance released by motor neurones (at a site called the neuromuscular junction) to stimulate muscle contraction. The muscles relax (stop contracting) when the ACh is removed from the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) by the action of acetylcholinesterase.
By inhibiting the cholinesterase the insect can no longer break down ACh in the NMJ and so its muscles lock up in a state of tetany (continuous contraction) making flying and respiration impossible, and the insect then dies of asphyxiation.
The Fly spray is shown to be effective against black flies.{{Cite web|last=US EPA|first=ORD|date=2017-05-24|title=Science Review of Human Study of Black Fly Repellent Performance|url=https://www.epa.gov/osa/science-review-human-study-black-fly-repellent-performance|access-date=2020-12-16|website=US EPA|language=en}} The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency released a study detailing the effectiveness of black fly spray.
Safety
Like many insecticides, fly spray can be toxic to a host of other organisms including birds, fish, beneficial insects, and non-target plants.{{Cite journal|last1=Aktar|first1=Md. Wasim|last2=Sengupta|first2=Dwaipayan|last3=Chowdhury|first3=Ashim|date=March 2009|title=Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards|journal=Interdisciplinary Toxicology|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7|issn=1337-6853|pmc=2984095|pmid=21217838}}
In the United States, fly sprays often contain the powerful insect toxin dichlorvos which is often targeted by environmental groups as a carcinogenic compound.{{cite journal|last1=Raeburn|first1=Paul|title=Slow-Acting|journal=Scientific American|date=14 August 2006|volume=295|issue=2|page=26|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0806-26|pmid=16866280|bibcode=2006SciAm.295b..26R|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/slow-acting/|language=en}}{{Failed verification|date=July 2023}} While the small quantities found in fly spray may be negligible, the insect toxin can contaminate soil, water, turf, and other vegetation if disposed improperly.