foiba

The Italian word foiba derives from Friulan foibe, which in turn derives from Latin fŏvea 'pit, chasm'.Ottavio Lurati, Toponymie et géologie, in Quaderni di semantica, year XXIX, number 2, December 2008, 443.{{cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/foiba/|title=Foiba|access-date=21 December 2022|language=it}} The oldest document on which it is reported is an official report in 1770, written by the Italian naturalist Alberto Fortis,{{Cite book |title= Unterirdisches Istrien: Ein Exkursionsführer zu den ungewöhnlichsten Höhlen und Karsterscheinungen |first= Peter |last=Hofmann |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qcT6AgAAQBAJ&q=foiba |publisher= BoD – Books on Demand |year= 2014 |language= de |page = 33 |isbn = 978-3732298501 |access-date = 10 February 2018}} who wrote a series of books on the Dalmatian karst.

File:Polje-Modell.jpg

Image:Foiba.svg

They are chasms excavated by water erosion, have the shape of an inverted funnel, and can be up to {{convert|200|m}} deep. Such formations number in the hundreds in Istria. In karst areas, a sinkhole, sink, or doline is a closed depression draining underground. It can be cylindrical, conical, bowl-shaped or dish-shaped. The diameter ranges from a few to many hundreds of metres. The name "doline" comes from dolina, the Slovenian word for this very common feature. The term "foiba" may also refer to a deep wide chasm of a river at the place where it goes underground.{{Cite web |url=http://www.speleogenesis.info/glossary/glossary_by_letter.php?Authors=f |title=Glossary of speleology: letter F |access-date=2008-05-10 |archive-date=2009-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207180912/http://speleogenesis.info/glossary/glossary_by_letter.php?Authors=f |url-status=dead }}

{{main|Foibe massacres}}

During and right after the end of World War II, OZNA and Yugoslav Partisans killed a number between 11,000{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.it/micol-sarfatti/perche-quasi-nessuno-ricorda-le-foibe_b_2658946.html |author=Micol Sarfatti |title=Perché quasi nessuno ricorda le foibe? |language=Italian |website= huffingtonpost.it |date=11 February 2013 }} and 20,000 of the local ethnic Italian population (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians), as well against anti-communists in general (even Croats and Slovenes), usually associated with Fascism, Nazism and collaboration with Axis,{{cite book|editor1=Ota Konrád|editor2=Boris Barth|editor3=Jaromír Mrňka|title=Collective Identities and Post-War Violence in Europe, 1944–48|publisher=Springer International Publishing|year=2021|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXRREAAAQBAJ&dq=foibe+massacres+istrian+dalmatian+italians&pg=PA20|isbn=9783030783860|page=20}}{{cite book|author=Guido Rumici|title=Infoibati (1943-1945)|publisher=Ugo Mursia Editore|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0ZnAAAAMAAJ&q=massacri+foibe+sloveni+croati+anticomunisti|isbn=9788842529996|language=it}} as well as against real, potential or presumed opponents of Tito communism{{cite web|url=http://www.kozina.com/premik/porita4.htm|title=Relazione della Commissione storico-culturale italo-slovena - V Periodo 1941-1945|access-date=11 January 2009|archive-date=16 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116054130/http://www.kozina.com/premik/porita4.htm|url-status=dead}} by throwing their still living bodies into the foibe. This event is known as foibe massacres. The type of attack was state terrorism,Il tempo e la storia: Le Foibe, Rai tv, Raoul Pupo reprisal killings,{{Cite book|first = Keith|last = Lowe|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5sKNeVcOH3wC&q=Belgium|title = Savage continent|location = London|year = 2012|isbn = 9780241962220}} and ethnic cleansing against Italians.{{cite book

|first1 = Donald|last1 = Bloxham|author-link = Donald Bloxham|first2 = Anthony|last2 = Dirk Moses|author-link2 = A. Dirk Moses|editor-first = Donald|editor-last = Bloxham|editor-first2 = Robert|editor-last2 = Gerwarth|title = Political Violence in Twentieth-Century Europe|chapter = Genocide and ethnic cleansing|page = 125|year = 2011|publisher = Cambridge University Press|doi = 10.1017/CBO9780511793271.004| isbn=9781107005037 }}{{cite web|author=Silvia Ferreto Clementi|title=La pulizia etnica e il manuale Cubrilovic|url=http://www.lefoibe.it/approfondimenti/dossier/02-puliziaetnica.htm|access-date=15 February 2015|language=it}}«....Già nello scatenarsi della prima ondata di cieca violenza in quelle terre, nell'autunno del 1943, si intrecciarono giustizialismo sommario e tumultuoso, parossismo nazionalista, rivalse sociali e un disegno di sradicamento della presenza italiana da quella che era, e cessò di essere, la Venezia Giulia. Vi fu dunque un moto di odio e di furia sanguinaria, e un disegno annessionistico slavo, che prevalse innanzitutto nel Trattato di pace del 1947, e che assunse i sinistri contorni di una "pulizia etnica". Quel che si può dire di certo è che si consumò - nel modo più evidente con la disumana ferocia delle foibe - una delle barbarie del secolo scorso.» from the official website of The Presidency of the Italian Republic, Giorgio Napolitano, [http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/Continua.aspx?tipo=Discorso&key=930 official speech for the celebration of "Giorno del Ricordo"] Quirinal, Rome, 10 February 2007.{{cite web|url = http://cri.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/6398|title = Il giorno del Ricordo - Croce Rossa Italiana|lang = it|url-status = dead|access-date = 2022-12-21|archive-date = 2022-01-28|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220128093235/https://cri.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/6398}} The foibe massacres were followed by the Istrian–Dalmatian exodus.{{cite book|author=Georg G. Iggers|editor1=Franz L. Fillafer|editor2=Georg G. Iggers|editor3=Q. Edward Wang|title=The Many Faces of Clio: cross-cultural Approaches to Historiography, Essays in Honor of Georg G. Iggers|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2007|isbn=9781845452704|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0b6HKgl9ewC&dq=foibe+massacre+followed+istrian+dalmatian+exodus&pg=PA430|page=430}}

The Yugoslav partisans intended to kill whoever could oppose or compromise the future annexation of Italian territories: as a preventive purge of real, potential or presumed opponents of Tito communism (Italian, Slovenian and Croatian anti-communists, collaborators and radical nationalists), the Yugoslav partisans exterminated the native anti-fascist autonomists — including the leadership of Italian anti-fascist partisan organizations and the leaders of Fiume's Autonomist Party, like Mario Blasich and Nevio Skull, who supported local independence from both Italy and Yugoslavia — for example in the city of Fiume, where at least 650 were killed after the entry of the Yugoslav units, without any due trial.Società di Studi Fiumani-Roma, Hrvatski Institut za Povijest-Zagreb [http://www.archivi.beniculturali.it/DGA-free/Sussidi/Sussidi_12.pdf Le vittime di nazionalità italiana a Fiume e dintorni (1939-1947)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131611/http://www.archivi.beniculturali.it/DGA-free/Sussidi/Sussidi_12.pdf |date=October 31, 2008 |data=31 ottobre 2008 }}, Ministero per i beni e le attività culturali - Direzione Generale per gli Archivi, Roma 2002. {{ISBN|88-7125-239-X}}, p. 597.{{cite web|url= https://www.convittocicogniniprato.edu.it/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/dossier_foibe_e_confine_orientale.pdf|title=Le foibe e il confine orientale|access-date=12 May 2021|language=it}}

Foiba is also the name of the well-known sinkhole that opens near Pazin Castle, in Pazin, and of the river that flows into it. The place plays a central role in Jules Verne's novel Mathias Sandorf.{{cite web|url=https://www.anvgd.it/la-foiba-di-pisino-che-ispiro-jules-verne-viaroma100net-21-ago/|title=La Foiba di Pisino che ispirò Jules Verne|date=22 August 2009 |access-date=21 December 2022|language=it}}

• Foibe massacres
• Karst Plateau

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{{commons category|Foibas}}

{{Wiktionary|foiba}}

• [http://www.gariwo.net/eng_new/attivita/attivita.php?cod=203 Gardens of the Righteous Worldwide Committee - Gariwo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220071651/http://www.gariwo.net/eng_new/attivita/attivita.php?cod=203 |date=2012-02-20 }}

{{Caves}}

Category:Karst caves

Foiba

Category:Karst formations

Category:Dinaric Alps

Category:Dinaric karst formations

Category:Karst