fossil word
{{short description|Broadly obsolete words that remain in idiomatic use}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2021}}
A fossil word is a word that is broadly obsolete but remains in current use due to its presence within an idiom or phrase.{{cite book |url=http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50089008? |title=fossil |publisher=Oxford English Dictionary |edition=Second Edition, 1989 |series=Additions Series, 1993 |quote=A word or other linguistic form preserved only in isolated regions or in set phrases, idioms, or collocations}}{{cite book |last=Curme |first=George Oliver |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsl5AAAAIAAJ&q=CURME+Syntax |title=Syntax |publisher=D. C. Heath and Company |year=1931}}{{page needed|date=August 2021}} An example for a word sense is 'ado' in 'much ado'. An example for a phrase is 'in point' (relevant), which is retained in the larger phrases 'case in point' (also 'case on point' in the legal context) and 'in point of fact', but is rarely used outside of a legal context.
English-language examples
- ado, as in "without further ado" or "with no further ado" or "much ado about nothing", although the homologous form "to-do" remains attested ("make a to-do", "a big to-do", etc.)
- amok, as in "run amok"
- bandy, as in "bandy about" or "bandy-legged"
- bated, as in "wait with bated breath", although the derived term "abate" remains in non-idiom-specific use
- beck, as in "at one's beck and call", although the verb form "beckon" is still used in non-idiom-specific use
- bide, as in "bide your time"
- champing, as in "champing at the bit", where "champ" is an obsolete precursor to "chomp", in current use
- coign, as in "coign of vantage"
- deserts, as in "just deserts", although singular "desert" in the sense of "state of deserving" occurs in nonidiom-specific contexts including law and philosophy. "Dessert" is a French loanword, meaning "removing what has been served," and has only a distant etymological connection.
- dint, as in "by dint of"
- dudgeon, as in "in high dudgeon"
- eke, as in "eke out"
- fettle, as in "in fine fettle",Quinion, Michael. [http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-fet1.htm World Wide Words] although the verb, 'to fettle', remains in specialized use in metal casting.{{cite web |title=fettle |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/fettle |website=The Free Dictionary |access-date=2021-08-30}}
- fro, as in "to and fro"
- goodly, as in "goodly number"
- helter skelter, as in "scattered helter-skelter about the office", Middle English {{lang|enm|skelten}} to hasten{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/helter-skelter|title=the definition of helter-skelter|work=reference.com}}
- inclement, as in "inclement weather”
- jetsam, as in "flotsam and jetsam", except in legal contexts (especially admiralty, property, and international law)
- kith, as in "kith and kin"[http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/kith%20and%20kin Yahoo dictionary kith and kin]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606091152/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/kith%20and%20kin |date=2011-06-06 }}
- lam, as in “on the lam”
- lo, as in "lo and behold"
- loggerheads as in "at loggerheads"[http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/at-loggerheads.html Phrase Finder at loggerheads] or loggerhead turtle
- muchness as in "much of a muchness"
- ne'er, as in "ne'er-do-well"
- shebang, as in "the whole shebang", although the word is now used as an unrelated common noun in programmers' jargon.{{Cite web|url=http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/sha-bang.html|title=Starting Off With a Sha-Bang|website=tldp.org|access-date=2016-12-02}}
- shrive, preserved only in inflected forms occurring only as part of fixed phrases: 'shrift' in "short shrift"{{cite web|url=http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/short-shrift.html|title='Short shrift' – the meaning and origin of this phrase|first=Gary|last=Martin|work=phrases.org.uk|date=11 December 2023 }} and 'shrove' in "Shrove Tuesday"
- span and spick, as in "spick and span"
- turpitude, as in "moral turpitude"
- vim, as in "vim and vigor", though preserved as the name of a scouring powder{{cite book | last = Room | first = Adrian | title = Dictionary of Trade Name Origins | publisher = Routledge | year = 1983 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoftrad00room/page/184 184] | url = https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoftrad00room/page/184 | isbn = 0-7102-0174-5 | url-access = registration }}
- wedlock, as in "out of wedlock"
- wend, as in "wend your way",{{cite web |title=What is a Fossil Word |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/fossil-words/what-is-a-fossil-word |website=Merriam Webster |access-date=20 August 2021}} although its former past tense "went" is still in use as the past tense of "to go"
- yore, as in "of yore", usually "days of yore"
="Born fossils"=
These words were formed from other languages, by elision, or by mincing of other fixed phrases.
- caboodle, as in "kit and caboodle" (evolved from "kit and boodle", itself a fixed phrase borrowed as a unit from Dutch {{lang|nl|kitte en boedel}})
- druthers, as in "if I had my druthers..." (formed by elision from "would rather"{{cite web |title=druthers |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/druthers |website=Merriam-Webster |access-date=2017-10-04}} and never occurring outside this phrase to begin with)
- tarnation, as in "what in tarnation...?" (evolved in the context of fixed phrases formed by mincing of previously fixed phrases that include the term "damnation")
- nother, as in "a whole nother..." (fixed phrase formed by rebracketing another as a nother, then inserting whole for emphasis; almost never occurs outside this phrase)
See also
- Bound morpheme
- Collocation — tendency of one word to occur near another
- Cranberry morpheme — morpheme which has no independent meaning in a lexeme
- Fossilization (linguistics)
- Irreversible binomial