fringe-toed lizard
{{Short description|Genus of lizards}}
{{about|North American lizards of the genus Uma|the Old World lizards also known as "fringe-toed lizards"|Acanthodactylus}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Coachella Valley Fringe-toed Lizard.JPG
| image_caption = Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard, Uma inornata
| taxon = Uma
| authority = Baird, 1859"Uma ". Wikispecies
}}
{{Commons|Uma}}
{{Wikispecies|Uma}}
Fringe-toed lizards are lizards of the genus Uma in the family Phrynosomatidae, native to deserts of North America. They are adapted for life in sandy deserts with fringe-like scales on their hind toes hence their common name.
Descriptions
Lizards of the genus Uma have a brown and tan coloration that helps them to blend in with the sand. The dorsal surface has a velvety texture with intricate markings. In addition, they also have prominent elongated scales which form a fringe on the sides of their hind toes.{{cite book|last=Stebbins|first=Robert C.|authorlink=Robert C. Stebbins|title=A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition|date=2003|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston and New York|isbn=0395982723|pages=280–282}} These fringes aid with traction and speed, and help the lizard avoid sinking into loose, sandy dunes.{{cite journal|author=Carothers JH|year=1986|title=An experimental confirmation of morphological adaptation: toe fringes in the sand-dwelling lizard Uma scoparia|journal=Evolution|volume=40|issue=4|pages=871–874|jstor=2408475|doi=10.2307/2408475|pmid=28556153}}
Fringe-toed lizards also possess upper jaws which overlap the lower ones, preventing the intrusion of sand particles, and nostrils that can be closed at will. Flaps also close against the ear openings when moving through sand, and the upper and lower eyelids have interlocking scales that prevent sand from getting into the eyes.
Geographic range
Fringe-toed lizards range throughout southeast California and southwest Arizona, and extend into northwest Sonora and northeast Baja California.
Habitat
Lizards of the genus Uma are found in low desert areas having fine, loose sand.
Diet
Fringe-toed lizards primarily eat insects, including ants, beetles, grasshoppers, and caterpillars. Flower buds, stems, leaves and seeds of plants are also eaten.
Behavior
Lizards of the genus Uma bury themselves underground in the winter. They sleep in their burrows, and use their burrows for protection from predators and extreme temperatures.
Species
| class="wikitable" | |||
| Image | Common Name | Scientific Name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| 120px | Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard | Uma inornata Cope, 1895 | Coachella Valley, Riverside County, California |
| 120px | Colorado Desert fringe-toed lizard | Uma notata Baird, 1858 | Imperial County, California to Sonora, Mexico. |
| 120px | Mohawk Dunes fringe-toed lizard | Uma thurmanae Derycke, Gottscho, Mulcahy, & De Queiroz, 2020 | southern Arizona. |
| 120px | Mojave fringe-toed lizard | Uma scoparia Cope, 1894 | California to western Arizona |
| 120px | Yuman Desert fringe-toed lizard | Uma cowlesi Heifetz, 1941 | northwestern Mexico |
| Chihuahuan fringe-toed lizard | Uma paraphygas K.L. Williams, Chrapliwy & H.M. Smith, 1959 | Mexico. | |
| 120px | Fringe-toed sand lizard | Uma exsul Schmidt & Bogert, 1947"Uma ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org. | Mexico. |
"Uma rufopunctata", the previous name for the Yuman Desert fringe-toed lizard, was found in 2016 to represent a hybrid between U. notata and U. cowlesi.{{Cite journal|last1=Gottscho|first1=Andrew D.|last2=Wood|first2=Dustin A.|last3=Vandergast|first3=Amy G.|last4=Lemos-Espinal|first4=Julio|last5=Gatesy|first5=John|last6=Reeder|first6=Tod W.|date=2017-01-01|title=Lineage diversification of fringe-toed lizards (Phrynosomatidae: Uma notata complex) in the Colorado Desert: Delimiting species in the presence of gene flow|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=106|pages=103–117|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.008|pmid=27640953 |issn=1055-7903|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017MolPE.106..103G }} ||