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fudoki

{{Short description|Ancient Japanese reports on local culture and geography}}

{{for|the novel by Kij Johnson|Fudoki (novel)}}

{{More footnotes needed|date=November 2011}}

{{Shintoism}}

{{Italic title|reason=:Category:Japanese words and phrases}}

{{nihongo|Fudoki|風土記|}} are ancient reports on provincial culture, geography, and oral tradition presented to the reigning monarchs of Japan, also known as local gazetteers. They contain agricultural, geographical, and historical records as well as mythology and folklore.{{Sfn|Sakamoto|2011|pp=16-17}} Fudoki manuscripts also document local myths, rituals, and poems that are not mentioned in the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki chronicles, which are the most important literature of the ancient national mythology and history. In the course of national unification, the imperial court enacted a series of criminal and administrative codes called ritsuryō and surveyed the provinces established by such codes to exert greater control over them.{{Sfn|Sakamoto|2011|pp=4-5}}

Kofudoki

Image:Harima Fudoki.jpg preserved at Tenri Central Library in Tenri, Nara]]

In the narrower sense, Fudoki refer to the oldest records written in the Nara period, later called {{nihongo|Old-Fudoki|古風土記|Kofudoki}}. Compilation of Kofudoki began in 713 and was completed over a 20-year period.{{Sfn|Sakamoto|2011|pp=16-17}} Following the Taika Reform in 646 and the Code of Taihō enacted in 701, there was need to centralize and solidify the power of the imperial court. This included accounting for lands under its control. According to the Shoku Nihongi, Empress Genmei issued a decree in 713 ordering each {{nihongo|provincial government|:ja:国衙|kokuga}} to collect and report the following information:{{Sfn|Sakamoto|2011|pp=16-17}}{{Sfn|Kojima|Naoki|Nishimiya|Kuranaka|2007|pp=310-311}}

  • Etymology of names for geographic features, such as mountains, plains, and rivers
  • Land fertility
  • Myths, legends, and folktales told orally by old people
  • Names of districts and townships
  • Natural resources and living things

Names

Empress Genmei ordered in 713 that place names in the provinces, districts, and townships be written in two kanji characters with positive connotations.{{cite web | url=http://crd.ndl.go.jp/reference/modules/d3ndlcrdentry/index.php?page=ref_view&id=1000151739 | title= 好字令 (good names) | publisher=National Diet Library | work=Collaborative Reference Database | access-date=28 August 2015 | author1= 国立国会図書館 }}{{Sfn|Sakamoto|2011|pp=16-17}} This occasionally required name changes. For example, {{nihongo|Hayatsuhime|速津媛|}} became {{nihongo|Hayami|速見|}} and {{nihongo|Ishinashi no Oki|石無堡|}} became {{nihongo|Ishii|石井|}}.

Manuscripts

At least 48 of the Gokishichidō provinces contributed to their records but only that of Izumo remains nearly complete. Partial records of Hizen, Bungo, Harima and Hitachi remain and a few passages from various volumes remain scattered throughout various books.{{Sfn|Sakamoto|2011|pp=16-17}} Those of Harima and Hizen are designated National Treasures.

Below is a list of extant manuscripts and scattered passages.{{Sfn|Sakamoto|2011|p=19}}[http://homepage2.nifty.com/toka3aki/geography/fudoki_itsu.html 国土としての始原史～風土記逸文] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130104042845/http://homepage2.nifty.com/toka3aki/geography/fudoki_itsu.html |date=2013-01-04 }}

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Parks

In 1966 the Agency for Cultural Affairs called on the prefectural governments to build open-air museums and parks called {{Nihongo|Fudoki no Oka|風土記の丘|"Fudoki Hills"}} near historic sites such as tombs (kofun) and provincial temples.{{Sfn|Sakamoto|2011}} These archaeological museums preserve and exhibit cultural properties to enhance public understanding of provincial history and culture.

{{Gallery

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|File:Gyoda_Futagoyama_Tumulus_In_Spring_1.jpg|Futagoyama kofun in Sakitama Fudoki no Oka

|File:Azuchi.jpg|Azuchi Castle ruin in Ōmi Fudoki no Oka

|File:Pit House in Kiifudoki-no-oka museum of history.jpg|Pit house at the Kiifudoki-no-oka Museum of History

}}

class="wikitable"
NamePrefectureProvinceMunicipalitiesMuseum
Ukitamu Fudoki no OkaYamagataUzenTakahataYamagata Prefectural Ukitama Fudoki no Oka Archaeological Museum
Shimotsuke Fudoki no OkaTochigiShimotsukeShimotsukeTochigi Prefectural Shimotsuke Fudoki no Oka Museum
Nasu Fudoki no OkaTochigiShimotsukeNakagawa and ŌtawaraNakagawa Municipal Nasu Fudoki no Oka Museum
{{Interlanguage link|Sakita Kofun Park|ja|3=さきたま古墳公園|lt=Sakitama Fudoki no Oka}}SaitamaMusashiGyōdaSaitama Prefectural Museum of the Sakitama Ancient Burial Mounds
{{Interlanguage link|Chiba Prefectural Boso-no-Mura|ja|3=千葉県立房総のむら|lt=Chiba Prefectural Boso-no-Mura}}ChibaShimōsaSakae and NaritaBoso-no-Mura Museum
Tateyama Fudoki no OkaToyamaEtchūTateyama{{Interlanguage link|Toyama Prefectural Tateyama Museum|ja|3=富山県立山博物館|lt=Toyama Prefectural Tateyama Museum}}
{{Interlanguage link|Kai Fudoki no Oka|ja|3=甲斐風土記の丘|lt=Kai Fudoki no Oka}}YamanashiKaiKōfuYamanashi Prefectural Archaeological Museum
Ōmi Fudoki no OkaShigaŌmiŌmihachiman and Azuchi{{Interlanguage link|Shiga Prefectural Azuchi Castle Archaeological Museum|ja|3=滋賀県立安土城考古博物館|lt=Shiga Prefectural Azuchi Castle Archaeological Museum}}
Chikatsu Asuka Fudoki no OkaOsakaKawachiKananOsaka Prefectural Chikatsu Asuka Museum
Kii Fudoki no OkaWakayamaKiiWakayamaWakayama Prefecture Kii-fudoki-no-oka Museum of Archaeology and Folklore
Yakumotatsu Fudoki no OkaShimaneIzumoMatsueShimane Prefectural Yakumotatsu Fudoki no Oka Museum
Kibiji Fudoki no OkaOkayamaBitchūSōjaSōja Kibiji Museum
{{Interlanguage link|Miyoshi Fudoki no Oka|ja|3=広島県立みよし風土記の丘|lt=Miyoshi Fudoki no Oka}}HiroshimaBingoMiyoshiHiroshima Prefectural Miyoshi Fudoki no Oka Museum
Higo Kodai no MoriKumamotoHigoYamaga and NagomiKumamoto Prefectural Ancient Burial Mound Museum
{{Interlanguage link|Usa Fudoki no Oka|ja|3=宇佐風土記の丘|lt=Usa Fudoki no Oka}}ŌitaBungoUsaŌita Prefectural Museum of History
Saitobaru Fudoki no OkaMiyazakiHyūgaSaitoMiyazaki Prefectural Saitobaru Archaeological Museum

See also

Notes

{{reflist}}

References

  • {{cite book |last = Akimoto |first = Kichirō |title = Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 2: Fudoki |publisher = Iwanami Shoten |year = 1958 |location = Tōkyō |isbn = 4-00-060002-8}}
  • {{cite book |last = Sakamoto |first = Masaru |title = Zusetsu Chizu to Arasuji de Wakaru! Fudoki |publisher = Seishun Publishing |year = 2011 |isbn = 978-4-413-04301-4 }}
  • {{Cite book |last1= Kojima |first1= Noriyuki |last2= Naoki |first2= Kōjirō |last3= Nishimiya |first3= Kazutami |last4= Kuranaka |first4= Susumu |last5= Mōri |first5= Masamori|last6= Uegaki |first6= Setsuya |year= 2007 |title= Nihon no Koten wo Yomu 3 Nihon Shoki Ge • Fudoki |publisher= Shogakukan |isbn= 978-4-09-362173-1 }}

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20071020104321/http://applepig.idv.tw/kuon/furu/text/fuudo/fundo_top.htm 風土記](Big5 Chinese) texts of the remaining Fudoki & scattered passages in other books.
  • Manuscript scans at Waseda University Library: [http://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/ru04/ru04_04794/ru04_04794.html Hizen, 1800], [http://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/ru04/ru04_04764/ru04_04764.html Bungo, 1800], [http://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/ru04/ru04_01062/ru04_01062.html Bungo, unknown]
  • {{cite book|last=Tsukamoto|first=Tetsuzō ({{lang|ja|塚本 哲三}})|title=Kojiki, Norito, Fudoki ({{lang|ja-Hant|古事記・祝詞・風土記}})|pages=383–586|publisher=Yūhōdō Shoten ({{lang|ja|有朋堂書店}})|year=1915|id={{Internet Archive|kojikits00tsukuoft|Scan}}}}
  • [http://miko.org/~uraki/kuon/furu/text/fuudo/fundo_top.htm 風土記] {{in lang|ja}}
  • [https://archive.today/20130104042845/http://homepage2.nifty.com/toka3aki/geography/fudoki_itsu.html 国土としての始原史～風土記逸文] {{in lang|ja}}

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Category:Classical Japan

Category:Old Japanese texts

Category:Nara-period works

Category:Agriculture in Japan

Category:Japanese mythology

Category:Shinto texts

Category:Gazetteers