functional analytic psychotherapy

{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2016}}

FAP posits that client behaviors that occur in their out-of-session interpersonal relationships (i.e. in the "real world") will, if clients are given a therapeutic relationship of sufficiently high quality, occur in the therapy session as well. Based on these in-session behaviors, FAP therapists, in collaboration with their client, develop a case formulation that includes classes of behaviors (based on their function not their form) that the client wishes to increase and decrease.

In-session occurrence of a client's problematic behavior is called clinically relevant behavior 1 (CRB1). In-session occurrence of improvements is called clinically relevant behavior 2 (CRB2). The goal of FAP therapy is to decrease the frequency of CRB1s and increase the frequency of CRB2s.

The FAP therapist evokes (i.e. sets the context for) CRB1s and in response gradually shapes CRB2s.

"The five rules" operationalize the FAP therapist's behavior with respect to this goal. It is important to note that the five rules are not rules in the traditional sense of the word, but instead a set of guidelines for the FAP therapist.Tsai, M., Kohlenberg, R. J., Kanter, J. W., Waltz, J. (2009). Therapeutic technique: The five rules. In: M. Tsai, R. Kohlenberg, J. Kanter, B. Kohlenberg, W. Follette, G. Callaghan (Eds.) A guide to functional analytic psychotherapy: Awareness, courage, love, and behaviorism. (pp. 61–102). NY, Springer

1. Watch for CRBs – Therapists focus their attention on the occurrence of CRBs that are in-session problems (CRB1s) and improvements (CRB2s).
2. Evoke CRBs– Therapists set a context which evoke the client's CRBs.
3. Reinforce CRB2s naturally – Therapists reinforce the occurrence of CRB2s (in-session improvements), increasing the probability that these behaviors will occur more frequently.
4. Observe therapist impact in relation to client CRBs – Therapists assess the degree to which they actually reinforced behavioral improvements by noting the client's behavior subsequent behavior after Rule 3. This is similar to the behavior analytic concept of performing a functional analysis.
5. Provide functional interpretations and generalize – Therapists work with the client to generalize in-session behavioral improvements to the client's out-of-session relationships. This can include, but is not limited to, providing homework assignments.

Researchers at the Center for the Science of Social Connection at the University of Washington are developing a model of social connection that they believe is relevant to FAP. This model – called the ACL model – delineates behaviors relevant to social connection based on decades of scientific research.e.g., Reis, H. T., & Shaver, P. (1988). Intimacy as an interpersonal process In: S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships (pp. 367–389). Chichester, England: Wiley & Sons.

• Awareness (A) behaviors include paying attention to your own and the other's needs and values within an interpersonal relationship.
• Courage (C) behaviors include experiencing emotion in the presence of another person, asking for what you need, and sharing deep, vulnerable experiences with another person in the service of improving the relationship.
• Love (L) behaviors involve responding to another's courage behaviors with attunement to what that person needs in the moment. These include providing safety and acceptance in response to a client's vulnerability.

FAP has the potential to target awareness, courage, and love behaviors as they occur in session as described by the five rules above. More research is needed to confirm the utility of the ACL model.{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.02.001|title=Where is the love? Contextual behavioral science and behavior analysis|journal=Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science|volume=3|issue=2|pages=69–73|year=2014|last1=Kanter|first1=Jonathan W.|last2=Holman|first2=Gareth|last3=Wilson|first3=Kelly G.}}{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.08.003|title=Reinforcement matters: A preliminary, laboratory-based component-process analysis of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy's model of social connection|journal=Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science|volume=4|issue=4|pages=281–291|year=2015|last1=Haworth|first1=Kevin|last2=Kanter|first2=Jonathan W.|last3=Tsai|first3=Mavis|last4=Kuczynski|first4=Adam M.|last5=Rae|first5=James R.|last6=Kohlenberg|first6=Robert J.}}

Radical behaviorism and the field of clinical behavior analysis have strong scientific support.Kazdin, A. E. (2001). Behavior modification in applied settings (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Catania, A. C. (1998). Learning. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Additionally, researchers have conducted a number of case studies,{{Cite journal|url=http://www.functionalanalyticpsychotherapy.com/Baruch%20et%20al.,%202009.%20FACT%20CASE%20STUDY.pdf|doi=10.1177/1534650109334818|title=Enhancing the Therapy Relationship in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Psychotic Symptoms|journal=Clinical Case Studies|volume=8|issue=3|pages=241–257|year=2009|last1=Baruch|first1=D. E.|last2=Kanter|first2=J. W.|last3=Busch|first3=A. M.|last4=Juskiewicz|first4=K. L.|s2cid=143507107}}{{Cite journal|url=http://www.functionalanalyticpsychotherapy.com/callaghanetal2003.pdf |doi=10.1023/B:JOCP.0000004502.55597.81|title=The Treatment of Histrionic and Narcissistic Personality Disorder Behaviors: A Single-Subject Demonstration of Clinical Improvement Using Functional Analytic Psychotherapy|journal=Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy|volume=33|issue=4|pages=321–339|year=2003|last1=Callaghan|first1=Glenn M.|last2=Summers|first2=Caitlin J.|last3=Weidman|first3=Michael|s2cid=42066477}}{{cite journal | last1 = Lopez | first1 = F. J. | year = 2003 | title = Jealousy: A case of application of functional analytic psychotherapy | url = http://www.psychologyinspain.com/content/full/2003/full.asp?id=7010 | journal = Psychology in Spain | volume = 7 | pages = 88–98 }}{{Cite journal|doi=10.1037/h0100143|title=Application of functional analytic psychotherapy: Clinical analysis of a patient with depressive disorder|journal=The Behavior Analyst Today|volume=7|pages=1–18|year=2006|last1=García|first1=Rafael Ferro|last2=Aguayo|first2=Luis Valero|last3=Montero|first3=M. Carmen Vives|citeseerx=10.1.1.494.7217}}{{Cite journal|pmc=2733466|year=1994|last1=Kohlenberg|first1=R. J.|title=Improving cognitive therapy for depression with functional analytic psychotherapy: Theory and case study|journal=The Behavior Analyst|volume=17|issue=2|pages=305–319|last2=Tsai|first2=M|pmid=22478194|doi=10.1007/BF03392678}}{{Cite journal|pmid=17877868|year=2007|last1=Kohlenberg|first1=R. J.|title=Treatment-resistant OCD, inflated responsibility, and the therapeutic relationship: Two case examples|journal=Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice|volume=80|issue=Pt 3|pages=455–65|last2=Vandenberghe|first2=L|doi=10.1348/147608306X163483}}{{Cite journal|url=http://www.functionalanalyticpsychotherapy.com/FEBA_Case_Study_2009_Manos_et_al.pdf |doi=10.1177/1534650109332484|title=Integrating Functional Analytic Psychotherapy and Behavioral Activation for the Treatment of Relationship Distress|journal=Clinical Case Studies|volume=8|issue=2|pages=122–138|year=2009|last1=Manos|first1=R. C.|last2=Kanter|first2=J. W.|last3=Rusch|first3=L. C.|last4=Turner|first4=L. B.|last5=Roberts|first5=N. A.|last6=Busch|first6=A. M.|s2cid=145403089}}{{cite journal | last1 = Wagner | first1 = A. W. | year = 2005 | title = A behavioral approach to the case of Ms. S | url = http://www.functionalanalyticpsychotherapy.com/wagner2005.pdf | journal = Journal of Psychotherapy Integration | volume = 15 | pages = 101–114 | doi=10.1037/1053-0479.15.1.101}} component process analyses,{{Cite journal|doi=10.1901/jaba.2006.21-06|pmid = 17236346|year = 1901|title = The Effect of Contingent Reinforcement on Target Variables in Outpatient Psychotherapy for Depression: A Successful and Unsuccessful Case Using Functional Analytic Psychotherapy|journal = Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis|volume = 39|issue = 4|pages = 463–7|last1 = Holman|first1 = Gareth I|last2 = Kanter|first2 = Jonathan W|last3 = Landes|first3 = Sara J|last4 = Busch|first4 = Andrew M|last5 = Rusch|first5 = Laura C|last6 = Brown|first6 = Keri R|last7 = Baruch|first7 = David E|pmc=1702324}}{{cite journal |author=Busch, A. M. |author2=Kanter, J. W. |author3=Callaghan, G. M. |author4=Baruch, D. E. |author5=Weeks, C. E. |author6=Berlin, K. S.|year=2009|url=http://www.functionalanalyticpsychotherapy.com/FAPRS_II.pdf |title=A micro-process analysis of functional analytic psychotherapy's mechanism of change|journal=Behavior Therapy|volume=40|issue=3|pages=280–290|doi=10.1016/j.beth.2008.07.003|pmid=19647529}}{{Cite journal|url=http://www.functionalanalyticpsychotherapy.com/FAPRS%20I%20Published.pdf|doi=10.1007/s10879-009-9122-8|title=The Functional Analytic Psychotherapy Rating Scale: A Replication and Extension|journal=Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy|volume=40|pages=11–19|year=2009|last1=Busch|first1=Andrew M.|last2=Callaghan|first2=Glenn M.|last3=Kanter|first3=Jonathan W.|last4=Baruch|first4=David E.|last5=Weeks|first5=Cristal|s2cid=9920824}}{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.03.004|title=The impact of the active components of functional analytic psychotherapy on idiographic target behaviors|journal=Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science|volume=2|issue=1–2|pages=49–57|year=2013|last1=Landes|first1=Sara J.|last2=Kanter|first2=Jonathan W.|last3=Weeks|first3=Cristal E.|last4=Busch|first4=Andrew M.}} a study with non-randomized design on FAP-enhanced cognitive therapy for depression,{{Cite journal|url=https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/jkanter/www/pdf/publication/FECT.pdf |doi=10.1016/S1077-7229(02)80051-7|title=Enhancing cognitive therapy for depression with functional analytic psychotherapy: Treatment guidelines and empirical findings|journal=Cognitive and Behavioral Practice|volume=9|issue=3|pages=213–229|year=2002|last1=Kohlenberg|first1=Robert J.|last2=Kanter|first2=Jonathan W.|last3=Bolling|first3=Madelon Y.|last4=Parker|first4=Chauncey R.|last5=Tsai|first5=Mavis}} and a randomized controlled trial on FAP-enhanced acceptance and commitment therapy for smoking cessation.{{cite journal |author=Gifford, E. V. |author2=Kohlenberg, B. S. |author3=Hayes, S. C. |author4=Pierson, H. M. |author5=Piasecki, M. P. |author6=Antonuccio, D. O. |author7=Palm, K. M. |year=2011|title=Does acceptance and relationship focused of functional analytic psychotherapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for smoking cessation|journal=Behavior Therapy |volume=42|issue=4|pages=700–715|doi=10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.002|pmid=22035998}}

FAP belongs to a group of therapies referred to as third-generation behavior therapies (or third-wave behavior therapies) that includes dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), behavioral activation (BA), and integrative behavioral couples therapy (IBCT).{{cite journal | last1 = Hayes | first1 = S. | last2 = Masuda | first2 = A. | last3 = Bissett | first3 = R. | last4 = Luoma | first4 = J. | last5 = Guerrero | first5 = L. | year = 2004 | title = DBT, FAR and ACT: How empirically oriented are the new behavior therapy technologies? | url = http://www.personal.kent.edu/~dfresco/CBT_Readings/ACT_FAP_%26_DBT_review.pdf | journal = Behavior Therapy | volume = 35 | pages = 35–54 | doi=10.1016/s0005-7894(04)80003-0}}

{{See also|Psychotherapy#General critiques}}

FAP has been criticized for "being ahead of the data", i.e. having not enough empirical support to justify its widespread use.e.g. Corrigan, P. W. (2001). "Getting ahead of the data: A threat to some behavior therapies". The Behavior Therapist, 24, 189–193. Challenges encountered by FAP researchers are widely discussed{{cite journal |author=Maitland, D. W. M. |author2=Gaynor, S. T.|year=2012|title=Promoting Efficacy Research on Functional Analytic Psychotherapy|journal=International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy|volume=7|issue=2–3|pages=63–71|doi=10.1037/h0100939}}{{cite journal |author=Weeks, C. E. |author2=Kanter, J. W. |author3=Bonow, J. T. |author4=Landes, S. J. |author5=Busch, A. M. |year=2012|title=Translating the theoretical into practical: A logical framework of functional analytic psychotherapy interactions for research, training, and clinical purposes|journal=Behavior Modification|volume=36|issue=1|pages=87–119|doi=10.1177/0145445511422830|pmid=22053068|s2cid=13870412}}

There is also criticism of using the ACL model as it detracts from the idiographic nature of FAP.e.g., {{cite journal |author=Darrow S. M. |author2=Follette W. C.|year=2014|title=Where's the beef?: Reply to Kanter, Holman, and Wilson|journal=Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science|volume=3|issue=4|pages=265–268|doi=10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.08.007}}

• Association for Contextual Behavioral Science (ACBS) – Founded in 2005 (incorporated in 2006), the Association for Contextual Behavioral Science (ACBS) is dedicated to the advancement of functional contextual cognitive and behavioral science and practice so as to alleviate human suffering and advance human well-being.{{cite web|last1=Long|first1=Douglas|title=Contextual Behavioral Science (CBS)|url=http://contextualscience.org/basic_foundations|website=ContextualScience.org|publisher=ACBS|access-date=30 October 2014}}
• The Association for Behavior Analysis International (ABAI) has a special interest group for practitioner issues, behavioral counseling, and clinical behavior analysis. ABAI has larger special interest groups for behavioral medicine. ABAI serves as the core intellectual home for behavior analysts.{{cite journal|author=Twyman, J.S.|year=2007|title=A new era of science and practice in behavior analysis|journal=Association for Behavior Analysis International: Newsletter|volume=30|issue=3|pages=1–4}}{{cite journal |author=Hassert, D.L. |author2=Kelly, A.N. |author3=Pritchard, J.K. |author4=Cautilli, J.D. |year=2008|title=The licensing of behavior analysts: protecting the profession and the public|journal=Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention|volume=5|issue=2|pages=8–19|url=http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ829086|doi=10.1037/h0100415|url-access=subscription}}
• The Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT) also has an interest group in behavior analysis, which focuses on clinical behavior analysis. In addition, the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies has a special interest group in addictions.
• Doctoral level behavior analysts who are psychologists belong to the American Psychological Association's Division 25 (behavior analysis). APA offers a diplomate in behavioral psychology.
• The World Association for Behavior Analysis offers a certification for clinical behavior analysis which covers functional analytic psychotherapy.{{Citation needed|date=January 2016}}

{{reflist}}

• [http://www.functionalanalyticpsychotherapy.com Kohlenberg & Tsai's FAP website]
• [http://depts.washington.edu/uwcssc/ Center for the Science of Social Connection]

{{Cognitive behavioral therapy}}

{{Psychotherapy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Functional Analytic Psychotherapy}}

Category:Cognitive behavioral therapy

Category:Behaviorism