gac
{{Short description|Species of melon}}
{{about|the fruit}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = Gac
|image = Qua_Gac.JPG
|image_caption = Exterior and cross-sectional interior of gac
|genus = Momordica
|species = cochinchinensis
|authority = (Lour.) Spreng.{{R|POWO}}
|synonyms =
- Muricia cochinchinensis {{small|Lour.}}
- Momordica cochinchinensis subsp. andamanica {{small|Kattuk.}}, {{small|Y.C.Roy}} & {{small|Krishnaraj}}
- Momordica macrophylla {{small|Gage}}
- Momordica meloniflora
{{small|Hand.-Mazz.}} - Momordica mixta {{small|Roxb.}}
- Momordica ovata {{small|Cogn.}}
- Momordica sphaeroidea {{small|Blanco}}
- Momordica suringarii {{small|Cogn.}}
- Zucca commersoniana {{small|Ser.}}
|synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}}
}}
Gac, from the Vietnamese {{lang|vi|gấc}} ({{IPA|vi|ɣək˦˥|pron}}), scientific name Momordica cochinchinensis, is a species of plant in the melon and cucumber family Cucurbitaceae native to countries throughout Southeast Asia and to Queensland, Australia. It is notable for its vivid orange-reddish color resulting from a mix of beta-carotene and lycopene.
Description
Momordica cochinchinensis is a perennial tendril climber that may reach up to {{convert|15|m|ft|round=5|abbr=off}} long and a stem diameter up to {{convert|4|cm|in|frac=2|spell=in|abbr=off}}.{{R|FOA|FOC|RFK}} The palmate leaves have 3 to 5 lobes and are carried on a petiole (leaf stem) measuring {{cvt|6|-|10|cm|in|frac=2}} long.{{R|FOA|FOC|RFK}} They are arranged alternately on the stems and measure up to {{cvt|20|cm|in|0}} wide and long.{{R|FOA|FOC|RFK}}
This species is dioecious, meaning that male and female flowers are borne on separate plants. The inflorescence on a male plant consists of either a solitary flower or a raceme up to {{cvt|10|cm|in|0}} long, while female flowers are solitary.{{R|FOA|FOC|RFK|MALESIANA}} All flower buds are fully enclosed by bracts, which split open as the flower matures.{{R|RFK|SLIK}} The mature flowers have five yellowish petals and a black centre.{{R|SLIK}}
The fruit are ovoid to broadly ellipsoid, about {{cvt|15|cm|in|0}} long by {{cvt|10|cm|in|0}} diameter, and are covered with numerous small spines on the skin.{{R|FOA|FOC|RFK|MALESIANA|SLIK}} They are initially green but turn a deep orange/red at maturity, and they contain numerous irregularly-shaped brown or grey seeds, which are enclosed in a bright red aril.{{R|FOA|FOC|RFK|MALESIANA|SLIK}}
=Phenology=
In the northern hemisphere this species flowers from June to August and fruit appear around August to October.{{R|FOC}} In Australia, flowering occurs from December to January and fruit appear from February to April.{{R|COOPER2}}
=Phytochemistry=
The fruit, seeds, and seed oil contain substantial amounts of beta-carotene and lycopene, which collectively impart the characteristic red-orange color to the fruit's tissues.{{Cite journal|last1=Mai|first1=H. C.|last2=Truong|first2=V|last3=Debaste|first3=F|date=2014|title=Carotenoids concentration of gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) fruit oil using cross-flow filtration technology|url=https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/299656/3/Mai_gac_oil_tobesubmitted.docx|journal=Journal of Food Science|volume=79|issue=11|pages=E2222–31|doi=10.1111/1750-3841.12661|pmid=25367308}}{{Cite journal|last1=Maoka|first1=T|last2=Yamano|first2=Y|last3=Wada|first3=A|last4=Etho|first4=T|last5=Terada|first5=Y|last6=Tokuda|first6=H|last7=Nishino|first7=H|display-authors=3|year=2015|title=Oxidative metabolites of lycopene and γ-carotene in gac (Momordica cochinchinensis)|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=63|issue=5|pages=1622–30|doi=10.1021/jf505008d|pmid=25633727|bibcode=2015JAFC...63.1622M}}{{Cite journal|last1=Wimalasiri|first1=Dilani|last2=Brkljača|first2=Robert|last3=Piva|first3=Terrence J.|last4=Urban|first4=Sylvia|last5=Huynh|first5=Tien|display-authors=3|date=2017|title=Comparative analysis of carotenoid content in Momordica cochinchinensis (Cucurbitaceae) collected from Australia, Thailand and Vietnam|journal=Journal of Food Science and Technology|volume=54|issue=9|pages=2814–2824|doi=10.1007/s13197-017-2719-0|issn=0022-1155|pmc=5583111|pmid=28928521}}{{Cite journal|last1=Vuong|first1=LT|last2=King|first2=JC|date=June 2003|title=A method of preserving and testing the acceptability of gac fruit oil, a good source of beta-carotene and essential fatty acids|journal=Food and Nutrition Bulletin|volume=24|issue=2|pages=224–230|doi=10.1177/156482650302400209|issn=0379-5721|pmid=12891827|doi-access=|s2cid=7515533 }} Both aril and seeds are rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids,{{Cite journal|last1=Ishida|first1=Betty|last2=Turner|first2=Charlotta|last3=Chapman|first3=Mary|last4=A McKeon|first4=Thomas|date=2004|title=Fatty acid and carotenoid composition of gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) fruit|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=52|issue=2|pages=274–9|doi=10.1021/jf030616i|pmid=14733508|bibcode=2004JAFC...52..274I }} with oil containing 69% unsaturated fats, including 35% as polyunsaturated fats. Gac has a high concentration of linoleic acid (omega-6) and omega-3 fatty acids.
Taxonomy
This species was first described in 1790 by the Portuguese botanist João de Loureiro, who published it in his book Flora cochinchinensis. Loureiro gave this plant the combination Muricia cochinchinensis and noted that it was found in "Cochinchinâ, & Chinâ."{{R|LOUREIRO}} In 1826 the German botanist Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel transferred the species to the genus Momordica.{{R|SPRENGEL}}
=Etymology=
The genus name Momordica is derived from the Latin word mordeo meaning to bite, a reference to the seeds' appearance as though chewed.{{R|COOPER2}} The species epithet cochinchinensis means "from Cochinchina", the region in the southern part of Vietnam where the plant was first observed by Loureiro.{{R|COOPER2|VUONG}}
=Common names=
As this plant is native to many countries throughout the Asia-Pacific region, it has a diverse number of common names including: bhat kerala (Assamese), mu bie gua, mu bie zi and teng tong (Chinese), balsam pear, Chinese cucumber, and giant spiny gourd (English), kakur, kantola and kakrol (Hindi), tepurang (Indonesian), mokube tsushi (Japanese), makkao (Khmer), khaawz (Laotian), pupia, teruah and torobuk (Malay), jhuse karelaa (Nepalese), pakurebu (Sulawesi), buyok buyok (Tagalog), phak khao (Thai), and gac (Vietnamese).{{R|RFK|UNIMELB|GRIN}}
Cultivation
As gac plant is dioecious, both male and female plants are needed; hence, farmers must have at least one corresponding male plant growing in or around the gardens for the fruit-bearing female plants to be pollinated. When grown from seed, the ratio of male to female plants is unpredictable.
Pollination may be facilitated by insects, but hand pollination allows for better fruit yield. An alternative method is to graft female material onto the main shoot of a male plant.{{Cite web|url=https://gacfruit.weebly.com/propagation-and-cultivation-of-gac-plant.html|title=Propagation and cultivation of Gac plant|website=Gac Research
University of Newcastle, Australia|language=en|access-date=2018-11-26}}
For maximum insect-aided pollination, the recommended ratio is about 1 male for every 10 female plants. If propagating from vines, farmers make diagonal cut (around {{convert|15-20|cm|in|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} long and {{convert|3-6|mm|in|frac=16|abbr=on|disp=or}} wide), then root the tubers in water or well-aerated, moist potting media before planting.
Apart from Southeast Asian countries where the fruits are native, gac can be grown in sub-tropical climate regions. Cool temperatures inhibit growth.
Uses
Gac has been commonly used in its native countries, mainly as food and traditional medicine. Its use as a folk medicine dates back over centuries in China and Vietnam.{{R|BMDT}} Gac seeds, known as {{wikt-lang|vi|mù}} {{wikt-lang|vi|biē}} {{wikt-lang|vi|zǐ}} (meaning 'wooden turtle seed'), are used for a variety of internal and topical purposes in traditional medicine.{{Cite journal |last1=Chuyen |first1=Hoang |last2=Nguyen |first2=Minh |last3=Roach |first3=Paul |last4=Golding |first4=John |last5=Parks |first5=Sophie |display-authors=3|date=Spring 2015 |title=Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Soreng,): a rich source of bioactive compounds and its potential health benefits |journal=Food Science and Technology |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=567–577 |doi=10.1111/ijfs.12721 }}
The aril surrounding gac seeds when the fruits are ripe is cooked with sticky rice to make {{lang|vi|xôi gac}}, a traditional Vietnamese dish with a striking red color that is served at weddings and New Year celebrations. In addition, the immature green fruit is eaten in some parts of India.{{Cite journal |last1=Tran |first1=Xuan T. |last2=Parks |first2=Sophie E. |last3=Roach |first3=Paul D. |last4=Golding |first4=John B. |last5=Nguyen |first5=Minh H.|display-authors=3 |date=2015-10-06 |title=Effects of maturity on physicochemical properties of Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) |journal=Food Science & Nutrition |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=305–314 |doi=10.1002/fsn3.291 |issn=2048-7177 |pmc=4779482 |pmid=27004120 }} The spiny skin is removed and the fruits are sliced and cooked sometimes with potato or bottle gourd. In Sri Lanka, gac is used in curry, and in Thailand, gac is served with ice cream.{{Cite news |url=https://www.rmit.edu.vn/news/rmit-researcher-uncovers-exceptional-health-benefits-gac-fruit |title=RMIT researcher uncovers the exceptional health benefits of gac fruit |publisher=RMIT University Vietnam |access-date=2018-11-26 |language=en }}
Due to the high contents of beta-carotene and lycopene, extracts from the fruit's arils are used to manufacture dietary supplements or are sometimes mixed into food and drink as a food dye.{{cite web |first1=Lawrence |last1=Goodman |title=The Next Big Fruit Juice?|url=http://www.brownalumnimagazine.com/content/view/3960/32/ |work=Brown Alumni Magazine |access-date=12 August 2017 |date=August 2015 }}{{failed verification|date=December 2023}}
Gallery
File:Momordica cochinchinensis 216205938.jpg|Habit
File:Momordica cochinchinensis 270985195.jpg|Foliage
File:Momordica cochinchinensis 71607494.jpg|Flowers
File:Gac Fruit.jpg|Unripe fruit
File:Quả Gấc.jpg|Ripe fruit
File:Gac sold in Thailand.png|Gac sold in Thailand
File:Momordica sp Blanco2.380.png|Fruit
File:Momordica cochinchinensis seeds, by Omar Hoftun.jpg|Seeds
File:Xôi gấc.JPG|A plate of {{lang|vi|Xôi gấc}}
References
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:293419-1 |title=Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |year=2023 |access-date=16 December 2023}}
{{Cite web |url=https://research.jcu.edu.au/bmdt/news-and-updates/researchers-use-nature-to-fight-cancer |title=Researchers use nature to fight cancer |website=Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics |publisher=James Cook University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126135036/https://research.jcu.edu.au/bmdt/news-and-updates/researchers-use-nature-to-fight-cancer |archive-date=26 November 2018 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 December 2023}}
{{cite web |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Momordica_cochinchinensis.htm |title=Momordica cochinchinensis |author1=F.A.Zich |author2=B.P.M.Hyland |author3=T.Whiffen |author4=R.A.Kerrigan |author2-link=Bernard Hyland |year=2020 |website=Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8) |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government |access-date=19 December 2023}}
{{cite web |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Momordica%20cochinchinensis |title=Momordica cochinchinensis |last1=Telford |first1=I.R.H. |year=2022 |editor-last1= |editor-first1= |website=Flora of Australia |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra |access-date=19 December 2023}}
}}
External links
- {{Commons category inline|Momordica cochinchinensis}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q311079}}
Category:Medicinal plants of Asia
Category:Medicinal plants of Oceania
Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine
Category:Flora of tropical Asia
Category:Plants described in 1790