gala (priests)
{{Short description|Priests of the Sumerian goddess Inanna}}
File:Couple de musiciens.jpg of two gala priests, dating to {{circa}} 2450 BC, found in the temple of Inanna at Mari]]
The Gala ({{langx|sux|{{cuneiform|Xsux|𒍑𒆪}}|translit=gala}}, Akkadian: {{Transliteration|akk|kalû}}) were priests of the Sumerian goddess Inanna. They made up a significant number of the personnel of both temples and palaces, the central institutions of Mesopotamian city states.
Originally specialists in singing lamentations, gala appear in temple records dating back from the middle of the 3rd millennium BC.Hartmann 1960:129–46; Gelb 1975; Renger 1969:187–95; Krecher 1966:27–42; Henshaw 1994:84–96 According to an old Babylonian text, Enki created the gala specifically to sing "heart-soothing laments" for the goddess Inanna.Kramer 1982:2 Cuneiform references indicate the gendered character of the role.Gelb 1975:73; Lambert 1992:150–51 Lamentation and wailing may have originally been female professions, so that the men who entered the role adopted its forms. Their hymns were sung in a Sumerian dialect known as eme-sal, normally used to render the speech of female gods,Hartmann 1960:138; Krecher 1966; Cohen 1974:11, 32 and some gala took female names.Bottéro and Petschow 1975:465
Homosexual proclivities are implied by the Sumerian proverb which reads, "When the gala wiped off his anus [he said], ‘I must not arouse that which belongs to my mistress [i.e., Inanna]’{{thin space}}".Gordon 1959, no. 2.100 In fact, the word gala was written using the sign sequence UŠ.KU, the first sign having also the reading g̃iš3 ("penis") & nita ("male"), and the second one bed3 ("anus") & dur2 ("buttocks"), meaning that might be a pun involved.Steinkeller 1992:37 Moreover, gala is homophonous with gal4-la (𒊩𒆷) meaning "vulva".
In spite of all their references of their effeminate character (especially in the Sumerian proverbs), many administrative texts make mention of heterosexual gala priests who had children, wives, and large families.Rubio 2001:270; Michalowski 2006 In addition, some gala priests were women.al-Rawi 1992
See also
References
{{Reflist|30em}}
Sources
- Al-Rawi, F. N. H. 1992. "Two Old Akkadian Letters Concerning the Offices of kala'um and närum." In Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 82.
- Bottéro, Jean, and H. Petschow. 1975. "Homosexualität." In Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie 4:459b–468b.
- Cohen, Mark. 1974. Balag-Compositions: Sumerian lamentation liturgies of the second and first millennium B.C. Sources from the Ancient Neat East, volume 1, fasc. 2.
- {{cite book|author=Carl S. Ehrlich|date=2009|title=From an Antique Land: An Introduction to Ancient Near Eastern Literature|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0742563476}}
- Gelb, I. J. 1975. "Homo ludens in early Mesopotamia." In Haec studia orientalia professori Assyriologia, et filologiae Semiticae in Universitate Helsingensi Armas I. Salonen, S.Q.A.: Anno 1975 sexagenario, 43–76. Studia Orientalia 46.
- Gordon, Edmund. 1959. Sumerian proverbs: Glimpses of everyday life in ancient Mesopotamia.
- Hartmann, Henrike. 1960. Die Musik der Sumerischen Kultur.
- Henshaw, Richard A. 1994. Male and female, the cultic personnel: The Bible and the rest of the ancient Near East. Princeton Theological Monograph Series 31.
- Kramer, Samuel N. 1981. History begins at Sumer: Thirty-nine firsts in man's recorded history. Rev. ed.
- Krecher, Joachim. 1966. Sumerische Kultlyrik.
- Lambert, Wilfried G. 1992. "Prostitution." Xenia 32:127-57.
- Michalowski, Piotr et al. (eds.). 2006. Approaches to Sumerian Literature: Studies in Honor of Stip (H. L. J. Vanstiphout).
- {{cite book|editor1=Stephen O. Murray |editor2=Will Roscoe|date=1997|title=Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=0814774687}}
- Renger, Johannes. 1969. "Untersuchungen zum Priestertum der altbabylonischen Zeit, 2. Teil." Zeitschrift zur Assyriologie 59 (n.f. 25).
- Steinkeller, Piotr. 1992. Third-millennium legal and administrative texts in the Iraq Museum, Baghdad.
- {{cite book|author=Ann Suter|date=2008|title=Lament: Studies in the Ancient Mediterranean and Beyond|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199714278}}
Category:3rd-millennium BC establishments
Category:Religious occupations
Category:Transgender topics and religion
Category:Ancient LGBTQ history